Приклади вживання Extractive economic institutions Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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Extractive economic institutions thus naturally accompany extractive political institutions. .
It is not geography, culture,or the ignorance of its citizens or politicians that keep the Congo poor, but its extractive economic institutions.
These Congolese extractive economic institutions were again supported by highly extractive political institutions. .
Those controlling political powertherefore cannot easily use it to set up extractive economic institutions for their own benefit.
Extractive economic institutions, in turn, enrich the same elites, and their economic wealth and power help consolidate their political dominance.
The poverty of the Kongo was therefore the result of extractive economic institutions that blocked all the engines of prosperity or even made them work in reverse.
Extractive economic institutions, in turn, enrich regime elites, and their economic power and wealth help consolidate their political power and dominance.
Though Park's regime was authoritarian, it felt secure enough to promote economic growth, and in fact did so very actively-perhaps partly because the regime was not directly supported by extractive economic institutions.
Extractive economic institutions under inclusive political institutions are unlikely to survive for long, as our discussion of Barbados suggests.
History attests that nations fail when they have extractive economic institutions, supported by extractive political institutions that impede and even block economic growth.
Extractive economic institutions are extractive because such institutions are designed to extract income and wealth from one subset of society to benefit a different subset.
The people who suffer from the extractive economic institutions cannot hope for absolutist rulers to voluntarily change political institutions and redistribute power insociety.
Despite the extractive economic institutions that savagely exploited the majority of the population, these islands were among the richest places in the world, because they could produce sugar and sell it in world markets.
Nations fail when they have extractive economic institutions, supported by extractive political institutions that impede or even block economic growth.
Similarly, extractive economic institutions are synergistically linked to extractive political institutions, which concentrate power in the hands of a few, who will then have incentives to maintain and develop extractive economic institutions for their benefit and use the resources they obtain to cement their hold on political power.
The Soviet Union achieved growth under extractive economic institutions and extractive political institutions because it forcibly allocated resources toward industry under a centralized command structure, particularly armaments and heavy industry.
Either they will be transformed into extractive economic institutions to the benefit of the narrow interests that hold power, or the economic dynamism they create will destabilize the extractive political institutions, opening the way for the emergence of inclusive political institutions. .
Mobutu created a highly extractive set of economic institutions.
There is in fact more to the synergy between extractive economic and political institutions.
When both political and economic institutions are extractive, the incentives will not be there for creative destruction and technological change.
It was due to the extractive nature of the country's economic institutions.
In fact, extractive political and economic institutions create a general tendency for infighting, because they lead to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a narrow elite.
Another illustration comes from comparing Roosevelt's failed attempt to pack the Court with similar efforts in Argentina, where crucially the samestruggles took place in the context of predominantly extractive economic and political institutions.
The synergies between extractive economic and political institutions create a vicious circle, where extractive institutions, one in place, tend to persist.
Looked at from this perspective, there is nothing fundamentally different about China's experience relative to that of countries thathave managed to take steps away from extractive and toward inclusive economic institutions, even when this takes place under extractive political institutions, as in the Chinese case.
Cuba, for example, might transition toward inclusive institutions and experience a major economic transformation,or it may linger on under extractive political and economic institutions.
There are few better, or more depressing, examples of the forces that explain the logic of why economic prosperity is so persistently rare under extractive institutions or that illustrate the synergy between extractive economic and political institutions than the Congo.
First, even if economic institutions are extractive, growth is possible when elites can directly allocate resources to high- productivity activities that they themselves control.