英語 での Deflationary spiral の使用例とその 日本語 への翻訳
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The Great Depression in an ultra-low interestrate environment will not be a deflationary spiral.
The deflationary spiral in terms of prices of goods and assets, which has been a concern up to now, is subsiding.
However, due to the ultra-low interest rate environment,the Great Depression does not become a deflationary spiral.
We now risk falling into a deflationary spiral that could increase our massive debt even further," he said.
But this often takes the shape of pricewars that only end up feeding Japan's deflationary spiral.
A deflationary spiral is a vicious circle in which price declines lead to deterioration in economic conditions, and this in turn causes further price declines.
The Bank therefore thinks it unlikely at present that prices will continue to decline andthereby lead Japan's economy into a deflationary spiral.
The BIS backed QE as anemergency measure in early 2009 to avert a deflationary spiral but has long since called for a return to sound money, and even rate rises.
When the Obuchi administration was launched at the end of July 1998, one year and nine months ago,the Japanese economy stood at the brink of a deflationary spiral.
The U.S. economy is at risk of falling into either an inflationary or a deflationary spiral, which is a consequence of the Federal Reserve's having been either too loose or too tight.
Some argue that if prices started falling, corporate profits would be squeezed due to the downward rigidity of nominal wages,and there would be a high probability of a deflationary spiral emerging.
In fact, there was a veryhigh risk of Japan's economy falling into a deflationary spiral up until around the spring of 1999, but concern over such risk materializing has greatly subsided in the past year.
The issue of utmost importance is whether the current weak prices will invite declines in corporate profits and/or incomes of workers,leading to a deflationary spiral, or vicious cycle of economic recession and price declines.
For these reasons, evidence of a deepening deflationary spiral in Asia- sparked by manufacturing overcapacity, an evaporation of trade demand and anaemic productivity- is a major cause for concern.
However, the future positive effects of structural reforms might notbe achieved if the economy were to fall into a deflationary spiral where price falls and a decrease in demand accelerate in interaction with each other.
This member continued that expectations played an extremely important role in formation of asset prices, and it was essential to prevent expectations from going too far in order toavoid credit contraction or a deflationary spiral.
At the height of the 1997-98 financial crisis in Japan,it was thought that Japan might fall into a deflationary spiral like that experienced by the United States during the Great Depression in the 1930s.
And second, since a low growth rate and declining prices would be inevitable temporarily, macroeconomic policies during the period of intensive structuralreforms should aim at preventing these from leading to a deflationary spiral.
The member further expressed amore severe view on Japan's economy that the deflationary spiral was progressing rapidly, and it would enter a phase in which the decline in wages and service prices would accelerate.
A deflationary spiral can develop for various reasons but the background common to all is that various contracts for economic transactions are mostly agreed at a fixed nominal value which cannot be adjusted flexibly for price declines.
In the past, there were some cases where creditcontracted substantially when the economy was in a deflationary spiral, and this was due to a vicious circle in which an increase in debt burden interacted with a price decline.
My judgment is that, although a deflationary spiral will be averted for the time being, considerable uncertainty remains as to the prospects for the economy after the effects of the comprehensive economic package have played themselves out.
This member said that the important issue was whether deflation would accelerate and negative effects stemming from it would spread to the economy,but the economy was not expected to fall into a deflationary spiral in the standard scenario.
Third, Japan has experienced mild deflation,but has not experienced a deflationary spiral, by which I mean that a decline in prices induced a decline in economic activity, thereby leading to a further decline in prices.
With the economic recovery likely to remain highly sustainable and the year-on-year changes in the CPI expected to remain positive, the possibility of a departure from the unprecedented framework of the quantitative easing policy,which was introduced to stave off a deflationary spiral, is likely to increase over the course of fiscal 2006.
On this point, one member stated that if the probability of a deflationary spiral occurring increased in the future, it would be appropriate to take some monetary easing measure, such as a reduction of the reserve requirement ratios.
One of the features of a deflationary spiral is an uncontrolled rise in real interest rates resulting from price declines occurring when there is limited room for reductions in nominal interest rates. With this in mind, the members also deliberated on the recent level of real interest rates.
However, if the recent decline in CPI had entailed danger of a deflationary spiral, corporate profits would have declined leading to a decrease in business fixed investment and employment, whereas, in fact, we have observed increases in both corporate profits and business fixed investment.
However, the country has not experienced a deflationary spiral, where a decline in prices induces a decline in economic activity, thereby leading to a further decline in prices. This deflationary spiral is the strongest reason for fearing deflation.
However, the most important factor in assessing whether a deflationary spiral will materialize is not the short-term inflation expectations, which have been affected by the rapid changes in commodity prices, but developments in the medium- to long-term inflation expectations of households and firms.