To decrease the incidence of neural tube defects, in many countries legislation has been implemented requiring the fortification of all enriched grain products with folic acid(44, 45).
Neural tube defects(NTDs) arise from failure of embryonic neuraltube closure between the 21st and 27th days after conception, a time when many women may not even realize they are pregnant(26).
Since the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects, governments and health organizations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant.
Because most people in the United States eat these foods, folic acid intakes have increased since 1998,and the number of babies born with neural tube defects has decreased.
Because most people in the United States eat these foods on a regular basis,folic acid intakes have increased and the number of babies born with neural tube defects has decreased since 1998.
We hypothesized that genetic variation in human TXN2 gene may alter the function of the encodedprotein in a manner associated with an increased risk for neural tube defects(NTDs).
Low maternal vitamin B12 statushas been associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects(NTD), but it is not known whether vitamin B12supplementation could help reduce the risk of NTD.
The discovery that folic acid supplementation inearly pregnancy can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 80% has been referred to as one of the greatest discoveries of the last part of the 20th century.
Another potential explanation for the findings is that the majority of cases of neural tube defects due to folate deficiency have now been prevented, and subsequent cases result from a different etiology.
A report has shown that only one in three European consumers know of the relationship between folic acid intake andthe prevention of neural tube defects(42).
Our case-control study was performed to explore the association between placental levels of selected POPs andrisks for neural tube defects(NTDs) in a Chinese population with a high prevalence of NTDs.
The introduction of mandatory folic acid fortification of refined grainproducts in the US in 1998 has reduced the prevalence of neural tube defects(NTDs) in newborns.
Neural tube defects(NTD) may result in devastating and sometimes fatal birth defects, occuring between the 21st and 27th days after conception, a time when many women do not realize they are pregnant(10).
The available scientific evidenceshows that adequate folate intake prevents neural tube defects and other poor outcomes of pregnancy; is helpful in lowering the risk of some forms of cancer, especially in genetically susceptible individuals; and may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES) data from 2003 to 2006 suggest that 75% of non-pregnant women aged 15 to 44 years do not consume the recommendeddaily intake of folic acid for preventing neural tube defects.
Newer case-control studies conducted after food fortification did not show aprotective effect of folic acid supplementation on neural tube defects(OR range, 0.93 to 1.40[95% CI included the null]).1.
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