Tellingly, one of the first things his successor, Joao Lourenco, did was devalue the kwanza to try andend a dire scarcity of hard currency.
许多正在进行的冲突依赖非法跨境运输的武器、珍贵自然资源----钻石、黄金和木材----以及硬通货。
Many ongoing conflicts depend on illicit cross-border flows of arms, precious natural resources-- diamonds, gold and timber--and hard currency.
超过半数的硬通货新兴市场债券(EMD)经理预计利差将会收紧,而绝大多数经理预计利差将较为温和。
More than half of hard currency emerging-market debt EMD managers expect spread tightening, while a large majority of those expect it to be modest.
通货膨胀略低于要求,尽管外国赤字略大,而且在严峻的外部条件下汇率已经稳定下来。
Inflation was slightly less than required, though the foreign deficit was somewhat larger, and the exchange rate had stabilized under tough external conditions.
如果一国真想让其通货不可变更地与美元固定,最可靠的方法就是使用美元作为通货。
If a country really wants its currency to be irrevocably fixed to the dollar, the most reliable method is to make its currency the dollar.
然而,德国人因为其国内原因不愿意降低利率:他们深深惧怕通货膨胀会再次出现在德国。
The Germans, however, were unwilling to reduce their interest rates for their own domestic reasons:They were deeply afraid that inflation would recur in Germany.
在国内,我们已看到高通货膨涨、私营部门不断缩小,失业不断增长,资源分配不平等和贫困加深。
On the domestic scene we have seen high inflation, a shrinking private sector, growing unemployment, unequal resource distribution and deepening poverty.
政府在周日发布的一项法令中表示,央行应限制美元的销售,并要求企业和银行机构购买硬通货。
In a decree released on Sunday, the government said the central bank would limit dollar sales,requiring companies and banks authorization to purchase hard currency.
Masoud Soltanifar said on state TV that the thriving industry could help boost Iran's economy out of recession andbring in much-needed hard currency.
拥有大量外汇储备国家的中央银行也一直在通过回购协议向当地银行和进口商提供硬通货。
The central banks of countries with large foreign exchange reserveshave also been supplying hard currency to local banks and to importers through repurchase agreements.
Sources have also told the Group that Mr. Gebrethiwetis the primary financial coordinator of all hard currency operations relating to Eritrea' s procurement activities.
相较于那些热切接纳自由市场的国家,渐进国家用了更长时间恢复其先前的家庭消费水平并稳定通货。
Compared with those countries that eagerly embraced free markets, the gradualists took longer to recover their previous levels of household consumption andto stabilize inflation.
When cryptography started becoming more broadly available and understood in the late 1980s,many researchers began trying to use cryptography to build digital currencies.
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