In trying to decode the molecular conversation between microbe and human host, fungus explorers have also found some surprising secrets about the human immune system.
听起来令人不快,人类宿主为虫子不断发展提供了完美的环境。
As unpleasant as it sounds, human hosts provide the perfect environment for the bugs to keep evolving.
某些微生物群执行已知对人类宿主有用的任务;大多数常居微生物的作用还不太清楚。
Certain microorganisms performtasks that are known to be useful to the human host but the role of most of them is not well understood.
这是第一个直接展示微生物和人类宿主之间共生关系的有力例子的研究之一。
This is one of the first studies to directlyshow a strong example of symbiosis between microbes and their human host.
听起来令人不快,但人类宿主为臭虫不断进化提供了理想的环境。
As unpleasant as it sounds, human hosts provide the perfect environment for the bugs to keep evolving.
与此同时,人类宿主会激活防御机制来抵抗感染。
At the same time, the human host activates defense mechanisms to fight the infection.
在大多数流感疫情中,猪充当了鸟类病毒和人类宿主之间的媒介。
The majority of pandemics have been associated withpigs as an intermediate host between avian viruses and human hosts.
科学家和医学专家不仅不知道它是如何传播的,而且他们也不知道它是否会在人类宿主体内产生任何症状。
This is because medical professionals and scientists have no idea how it's transmitted orhow it produces symptoms in human hosts.
科学家此前并未认为细菌会与人类宿主竞争这种微量营养素。
Scientists didn't previously think that bacteria would compete with a human host for this micronutrient.”.
从那时开始,新菌株不礼貌地感谢其人类宿主通过杀死30%的人居住。
From that time onward,the new strain ungraciously thanked its human hosts by killing 30% of those it inhabited.
例如,移植需要海藻营养的细菌到肠道,是否会引导人类宿主多吃海藻??
For example, would transplantation into the gut of thebacteria requiring a nutrient from seaweed lead the human host to eat more seaweed?
人们普遍认为它是一种新进化的物种,具有快速适应人类宿主环境的能力。
Researchers generally believe that this is anewly evolved species with rapid adaptation to human host environment.
Some microorganisms that colonize humans are commensal, meaning they co-exist without harming humans;others have a mutualistic relationship with their human hosts.
然而,至关重要的是,其中的许多基因都在人类宿主内部发挥作用.
However, crucially, many of them have functions within the human host itself.
这是一个非常重要的例子,说明微生物群是如何进化成为人类宿主中的这种共生存在的。
This is a really important example of how the microbiome hasevolved ways to become this symbiotic presence in the human host.”.
这种中间宿主动物--尚未被确认--于2019年11月底或12月初将病毒传给了武汉市第一个人类宿主。
That as-yet-unidentified intermediary passed the virus on to its first human host in the city of Wuhan in late November or early December 2019.
我们现在应该考虑调节环境因素和微生物组,而不仅仅是针对人类宿主。
We can now think about modulating environmental factors and the microbiome,not just about targeting the human host.".
直到最近,人类疾病爆发的时间很短,而且病毒几乎没有机会对人类宿主进行遗传适应,“鲁班说。
Until recently, the human disease outbreaks have been short lived, andthe virus has had little opportunity to adapt genetically to the human host.”.
不过,这种观点往往忽略了微生物群和人类宿主之间可能发生的竞争。
But on the other hand, this view tends to minimize focus on thecompetition that can occur between bacterial populations and a human host.
然后当粘合发生时,毒液会产生这个厚厚的橡皮外骨骼,围绕着里面的人类宿主。
Then when the bonding takes place,Venom produces this thick rubbery exoskeleton that surrounds the human host who is inside.
有时他们会引起疾病,但大多数时候,微生物与人类宿主和谐相处,提供人类生存所必需的重要功能。
Sometimes they cause illness, but most of the time,they live in harmony with their human hosts, providing vital functions essential for human survival.1.
由于这些蠕虫不在人类宿主体内繁殖,所以,只在感染期接触环境中的蠕虫才会发生再感染。
Since these worms do not multiply in the human host, re-infection occurs only as a result of contact with infective stages in the environment.
这项研究是首次鉴定出人类宿主中的一种因子被疟原虫用作一种环境传感器。
The study is the first to identify a factor in human hosts that Plasmodium uses as an environmental sensor.
肠道微生物也与人类宿主相互作用,有时以促进健康,有时以促进疾病发展。
Gut microbes interact with their human host as well, sometimes in ways that promote health, other times in ways that contribute to disease.
有时他们会引起疾病,但大多数时候,微生物与人类宿主和谐相处,提供人类生存所必需的重要功能。
Sometimes they cause sickness, but most of the time,microorganisms live in harmony with their human hosts, providing vital functions essential for human survival.
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