Depending on the speed of price changes and tightness of supply and demand conditions, there might be a situation where an appropriate policy response would be called for before the price index reached the target.
Central banks have changed, evolving in a process of humankind tackling economic problems that occurred thereafter,such as large price fluctuations and financial crises Edvinsson et al.
To determine the effects of changes in exchange rates on export competitiveness,it is necessary to take into account differences in price fluctuations at home and abroad as well as the weights of trade.
So long as both inflation and deflation are price fluctuations, they can be perceived as the result of changes in demand factors such as economic cycles, and in supply factors such as productivity and input prices(positive and negative demand shocks and supply shocks).
According to Mercer's 24th annual Cost of Living Survey, factors like instability of housing markets,low inflation and fluctuating prices for goods and services are impacting the cost of doing business in various cities around the world.
Moreover, an examination of changes in real values,excluding the effects of price fluctuations Chart 1-2-1(D), shows that the countries with higher annual average growth rates in the second half of the 2000s than the first half are Germany and China.
For this reason, while we take the outlook for the output gap as a basis for forecasting prices, we should also balance the advantages and the disadvantages of this indicator, and judgments should be reached only after due consideration has been paid both to a broad range of indicators related to the supply and demand situation andto other determinants of price movements.
Output Gap and Potential Growth Rate: 日本銀行 Bank of Japan Research Data Explanation and Related Materials Notice Inquiries The"output gap"-- which serves as an indicator for the level of economic activity, and, consequently,for the pressure for price change-- and the"potential growth rate"-- which reflects the growth capacity of Japan's economy from a longer-term perspective-- are useful concepts for judging economic and price conditions.
日本語
中文
عربى
Български
বাংলা
Český
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Suomi
Français
עִברִית
हिंदी
Hrvatski
Magyar
Bahasa indonesia
Italiano
Қазақ
한국어
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa malay
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenský
Slovenski
Српски
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Tagalog
Turkce
Українська
اردو
Tiếng việt