It is necessary to encourage a widening of the output gap within positive territory and a rise in inflation expectations by clearly stating the timing of achieving the price stability target,taking additional easing measures, and reinforcing the commitment.
There are various possible measures for additional easing, such as cutting the short-term policy interest rate, lowering the target level of 10-year JGB yields, expanding asset purchases, and accelerating the expansion of the monetary base.
In such a way, we believe that the additional accommodative measure taken by the Bank this time will contribute to ensuring the improvements in economic activity and prices.
As for Europe, the ECB recently decided an additional easing measure that includes a start to the purchasing of bonds issued by euro area central governments.
One member pointed out that many of the asset purchasingmeasures that were suggested by people outside the Bank as additional easing measures were, in fact, not a matter of monetary policy but fiscal policy.
In Europe, the ECB in March this year decided to take additional easing measures in order to deal with increasing risks to the price stability target, pointing to the importance of avoiding second-round effects of low inflation rates on inflation expectations.
While the current measures may superficially be called additional monetary easing, in reality they strongly resemble the yield curve control(YCC) introduced in September 2016, which was the starting point of de-facto normalization.
Issuance rates on CP had been on an uptrend until the middle of December, but the rates, especially those on CP issued by firms with high credit ratings,declined slightly thereafter due to additional monetary easing measures taken in December.
ALM Net Interest Income Down but Investment Management Revenues Strong Interest rates trended low in fiscal 2014 in Japan,Europe and the United States on additional monetary easing by BOJ, the falling oil price and the Greek crisis.
On 25/7, the European Central Bank had already indicated a possibility of conducting policy interest rate cuts by the first half of 2020,which led to growing expectations of additional monetary easing at the Bank of Japan and interest rate cuts at the US FRB.
With a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment, Mr. G. Kataoka expressed the opinion that, if there was a delay in the timing of achieving the price stability target due to domestic factors,the Bank should take additional easing measures, and that it was necessary to include that in the policy statement.
Return to text[Note 3] With a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment, Mr. G. Kataoka opposed the description, considering that, if there was a delay in the timing of achieving the price stability target due to domestic factors,the Bank should take additional easing measures and that it was necessary to include that in the text.
With a view to achieving the price stability target of 2 percent at the earliest possible time, Mr. G. Kataoka expressed the opinion that it wasappropriate for the Bank to make a commitment to taking additional easing measures if it revised downward its assessment of medium- to long-term inflation expectations, rather than to make the commitment to maintaining the levels of short- and long-term interest rates.
A different member said that, amid changes in the external environment, such as growing expectations for monetary easing in the United States and Europe, the Bank also needed to strengthen monetary easing, and that it was necessary to furtherconsider in depth the feasibility of a wide range of additional easing measures, as well as their effects and side effects.
In response to this, one member said that it was appropriate for the Bank to clearly state the timing of achieving the price stability target and-- with a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment--introduce a new commitment that it would take additional easing measures if there was a delay in the timing of achieving the target due to domestic factors.
Note 1 With a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment, Mr. G. Kataoka dissented from the decision, considering that, if there was a delay in the timing of achieving the price stability target due to domestic factors,the Bank should take additional easing measures and that it was necessary to include that in the text.
Mr. G. Kataoka expressed the opinion that further coordination of fiscal and monetary policy was important in order to achieve the price stability target of 2 percent at the earliest possible time, andthat it was necessary for the Bank to make a commitment to taking additional easing measures if it revised downward its assessment of medium- to long-term inflation expectations.
With a view to achieving the price stability target of 2 percent at the earliest possible time, Mr. G. Kataoka dissented, considering that it wasappropriate for the Bank to make a commitment to taking additional easing measures if it revised downward its assessment of medium- to long-term inflation expectations, rather than to make the commitment to maintaining the levels of short- and long-term interest rates.
In order to achieve the price stability target of 2 percent at the earliest possible time, Mr. G. Kataoka dissented, considering that further coordination of fiscal and monetary policy was important, andthat it was necessary for the Bank to make a commitment to taking additional easing measures if it revised downward its assessment of medium- to long-term inflation expectations.
The member added that the last measure available for an additional monetary easing would be to increase the outright purchase of JGBs, which could be expected to cap the yen's rise. However, the measure could be implemented only if the economy was in a deflationary spiral because it would involve great cost to the economy.
Interest rates on term instruments were declining on the whole reflecting widespread confidence in financial institutions' funding beyond the end of the calendar andfiscal year due to the Bank's additional monetary easing measures decided at the previous meeting. Three-month Euro-yen rates maturing beyond the fiscal year-end were extremely low at around 0.1 percent, although they strengthened slightly.
Meanwhile, one member said that-- with a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment and achieving the price stability target of 2 percent at the earliest possible time-- it was necessary for the Bank to add a commitment thatit would take some sort of additional monetary easing measures if the Bank revised downward its assessment of medium- to long-term inflation expectations.
In response to this, one member said that, with a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment, it was appropriate for the Bank to introduce a newcommitment that it would take additional easing measures if-- with regard to the median of the Policy Board members' forecasts of the CPI in the Outlook for Economic Activity and Prices-- there was a delay in the timing of achieving the price stability target due to domestic factors.
Return to text[Note 2] Mr. G. Kataoka dissented, considering that(1) the timing of achieving the price stability target should be clearly stated, and(2) with a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment, if there was a delay in the timing of achieving the target due to domestic factors,the Bank should take additional easing measures and that it was necessary to include that in the text.
Return to text[Note 3] With a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment and achieving the price stability target of 2 percent at the earliest possible time, Mr. G. Kataoka dissented, considering that, if the Bank revised downward its assessment of medium- to long-term inflation expectations,it should take additional easing measures, and that it was necessary to include that in the text.
In response to this, one member said that, with a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment, it was appropriate for the Bank to introduce a newcommitment that it would take additional easing measures if-- with regard to the median of the Policy Board members' forecasts of the CPI in the Outlook Report-- there was a delay in the timing of achieving the price stability target due to domestic factors.
Mr. G. Kataoka expressed the following opinions:(1) the timing of achieving the price stability target should be clearly stated, and(2) with a view to reinforcing the inflation-overshooting commitment, if there was a delay in the timing of achieving the price stability target due to domestic factors,the Bank should take additional easing measures, and it was necessary to include that in the text.
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