Примеры использования Indifference curve на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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The latest technology, the author obtains the indifference curves of voters.
For example, the indifference curve could be one from some third time period.
The marginal rate of substitution andits definition with help of indifference curves.
The concave portions of the indifference curves and their many-dimensional generalizations, if they exist, must forever remain in unmeasurable obscurity.
A CoL index between 1995 and1996 might be calculated using a indifference curve from 1990.
We will assume that this indifference curve slopes downward and in fact, we will make the stronger assumption that gt is differentiable with respect to Z and.
A CoL index involves a static comparison between two situations using only a single indifference curve.
Then the index I compares the costs of achieving that base indifference curve under the two price regimes Pa and Pb, holding the variables in constant.
A key feature of the strict economic definition of a CoL index is that only a single indifference curve is used.
These two indifference curves are not the only possibilities, of course, and any number of CoL indexes could be associated with two price regimes.
It can then be shown that the Laspeyres index provides an upper bound to the CoL index based on the indifference curve of the first period.
If the second period indifference curve were to be used as the base instead, a different CoL index would be obtained except in certain special cases mentioned below.
It is well known that if the consumer̓s preference ordering is‘homothetic̓ the CoL index is independent of the indifference curve chosen as the base.
Thus for each period t and each consumer i,the period t indifference curve between combinations of X and Z is linear, with the constant slope at being the same for all consumers.
We assume that every consumer has the samehedonic subutility function f(z) and consumer i has the following linear indifference curve macro utility function in period t.
A CoL index typically compares expenditures between a point on an indifference curve that the consumer actually occupies and a second point on the same curve that the consumer would take up if prices were different.
On the other hand, as also noted earlier, a CoL index measures the change in value between two baskets of goods andservices whose quantities are typically not the same but are just sufficient to keep the consumer on the same indifference curve.
The consumer would be able to reach a higher indifference curve by making substitutions in response to the changes in relative prices so that a smaller increase in expenditure would be sufficient to stay on the same indifference curve.
In order to calculate the CoL index it is necessary to work out the hypothetical quantities of goods and services that would be purchased at the pricesof the second period, assuming the consumer minimizes the cost of staying on the first period indifference curve.
The substitution effect is the change that would occur if the consumer were required to remain on the original indifference curve; this is the move from A to B. The income effect is the simultaneous move from B to C that occurs because the lower price of one good in fact allows movement to a higher indifference curve.
In principle, just as any number of price level indexes might be defined between two periods by choosing different baskets of goods and services, any number of CoL indexes may be defined, even for a single consumer,by choosing different indifference curves.
Thus as we travel down the consumer's period t indifference curve, for each point(indexed by Z) on this curve,(6) gives us the amount of money the consumer would bewilling to pay per unit of Z in order to stay on the same indifference curve, which is indexed by the utility level ut.
In order to accommodate new goods in the CoL index for the second period, it is necessary to impose zero constraints for them when determining the hypothetical quantities of the goods andservices that the consumer would have had to consume in the first period to attain the indifference curve of the second period.
If instead, a new budget line is found with the slope determined by the new prices but tangent to the indifference curve going through the old bundle, the difference between the new point of tangency and the old bundle is the Hicks substitution effect.
When the price regimes are those occurring in two different time periods, one of which is chosen as the base period, a CoL index can be interpreted as measuring the amount by which expenditures must change between the two periods in order toenable the consumer to stay on the base period indifference curve.
This is the set{(X, Z): Ut(X, Z) ut},which of course is the consumer's period t indifference curve over equivalent combinations of the general consumption commodity X and the hedonic commodity Z. Now solve the equation Ut(X, Z) ut for X as a function of ut and Z; i.e..
The consequence of a change in tastes is to accentuate the differences between the two separate CoL indexes based on the preference orderings in the first and the second periods,so that the CoL index based on the indifference curve of the second period may diverge significantly from that based on the curve of the first period.
This implies that a higher indifference curve can be reached with the same total expenditure which in turn implies that the total value at first year prices of the n goods and services available in the first year would also have to be higher to enable the consumer to stay on this higher indifference curve.
In this case, the CoL index would involve two sets of hypothetical quantities,namely the quantities that the consumer would buy to attain the 1990 indifference curve if the prices were those of 1995 and the quantities that would be bought if the prices were those of 1996.
A disconnected demand implies some discontinuous behavior by the consumer as discussed by Hotelling: If indifference curves for purchases be thought of as possessing a wavy character, convex to the origin in some regions and concave in others, we are forced to the conclusion that it is only the portions convex to the origin that can be regarded as possessing any importance, since the others are essentially unobservable.