Приклади вживання Amorphous ice Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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Amorphous ice has no crystal structure.
Ganymede, which lies between the two, exhibits amorphous ice at high latitudes and crystalline ice at the lower latitudes.
Amorphous ice(non-crystalline("vitreous") ice) is an amorphous solid form of water.
The temperatures of these moons range from 90- 160 K,[31]warm enough that amorphous ice is expected to crystallize on relatively short timescales.
Amorphous ice is used in some scientific experiments, especially in cryo-electron microscopy of biomolecules.
However, it was found that Europa has primarily amorphous ice, Ganymede has both amorphous and crystalline ice, and Callisto is primarily crystalline.
Amorphous ice can be separated from crystalline ice based on its near-infrared and infrared spectrum.
This is peculiar, because crystalline ice forms at temperatures above 110 K, whereas Haumea's surface temperature is below 50 K,a temperature at which amorphous ice is formed.
The production of amorphous ice hinges on the fast rate of cooling.
It has been suggested that tidal forces, together with other potential heat sources(e.g. collisions or 26Al decay)might have raised the temperature sufficiently to crystallise amorphous ice and reduce the void space inside the object.
Amorphous ice may also form in the coldest region of the Earth's atmosphere, the summer polar mesosphere, where noctilucent clouds exist.
Although almost all water ice on Earthis the familiar crystalline Ice Ih, amorphous ice dominates in the depths of interstellar medium, making this likely the most common structure for H2O in the universe at large.[1].
The amorphous ice might be explained by flash freezing from cryovolcanism, rapid condensation of molecules from water geysers, or irradiation of high-energy particles from Saturn.[17].
At temperatures less than 77 K, irradiation from ultraviolet photons as well as high-energy electrons and ions can damage the structure of crystalline ice, transforming it into amorphous ice.[15][16] Amorphous ice does not appear to be significantly affected by radiation at temperatures less than 110 K, though some experiments suggest that radiation might lower the temperature at which amorphous ice begins to crystallize.[16].
If the original amorphous ice survived the molecular cloud collapse, then it should have been preserved at heliocentric distances beyond Saturn's orbit(~12 AU).[14].
Amorphous ice is produced either by rapid cooling of liquid water(so the molecules do not have enough time to form a crystal lattice) or by compressing ordinary ice at low temperatures.
Even if it is cold enough to form amorphous ice, crystalline ice will form if the flux of water vapor onto the substrate is less than a temperature-dependent critical flux.
Amorphous ice is used in some scientific experiments, especially in cryo-electron microscopy of biomolecules.[33] The individual molecules can be preserved for imaging in a state close to what they are in liquid water.
Even if it is cold enough to form amorphous ice, crystalline ice will form if the flux of water vapor onto the substrate is less than a temperature-dependent critical flux.[14] This effect is important to consider in astrophysical environments where the water flux can be low.
Amorphous ice may also form in the coldest region of the Earth's atmosphere, the summer polar mesosphere, where noctilucent clouds exist.[12] These low temperatures are readily achieved in astrophysical environments such as molecular clouds, circumstellar disks, and the surfaces of objects in the outer solar system.
The probe found both crystalline and amorphous ice, with a higher degree of crystallinity at the"tiger stripe" cracks on the surface and more amorphous ice between these regions.[17] The crystalline ice near the tiger stripes could be explained by higher temperatures caused by geological activity that is the suspected cause of the cracks.
In general, amorphous ice can form below~130 K.[11] At this temperature, water molecules are unable to form the crystalline structure commonly found on Earth.
In the laboratory, amorphous ice transforms into crystalline ice if it is heated above 130 K, although the exact temperature of this conversion is dependent on the environment and ice growth conditions.
I have studied amorphous ices for a long time with the goal to determine whether they can be considered a glassy state representing a frozen liquid", says Katrin Amann-Winkel, researcher in Chemical Physics at Stockholm University.
I have studied amorphous ice for a long time, trying to determine whether it is possible to consider them as a glassy state, represented by a frozen liquid," says Katrin Amann-Winkel, researcher in chemical physics at Stockholm University.
High-density amorphous ice(HDA) can be formed by compressingice Ih at temperatures below~140 K. At 77 K, HDA forms from ordinary natural ice at around 1.6 GPa[6] and from LDA at around 0.5 GPa[7](approximately 5,000 atm).
Evidence of amorphous ice in comets is found in the high levels of activity observed in long-period, Centaur, and Jupiter Family comets at heliocentric distances beyond~6 AU.[23] These objects are too cold for the sublimation of water ice, which drives comet activity closer to the sun.
In the laboratory, amorphous ice transforms into crystalline ice if it is heated above 130 K, although the exact temperature of this conversion is dependent on the environment and ice growth conditions.[13] The reaction is irreversible and exothermic, releasing 1.26- 1.6 kJ/mol.[13].
Very-high-density amorphous ice(VHDA) was discovered in 1996 by Mishima who observed that HDA became denser if warmed to 160 K at pressures between 1 and 2 GPa and has a density of 1.26 g/cm3 at ambient pressure and temperature of 77 K.[9] More recently it was suggested that this denser amorphous ice was a third amorphous form of water, distinct from HDA, and was named VHDA.[10].
Low-density amorphous ice, also called LDA, vapor-deposited amorphous water ice, amorphous solid water(ASW) or hyperquenched glassy water(HGW), is usually formed in the laboratory by a slow accumulation of water vapor molecules(physical vapor deposition) onto a very smooth metal crystal surface under 120 K. In outer space it is expected to be formed in a similar manner on a variety of cold substrates, such as dust particles.[2].