Приклади вживання Restivo Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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Wikipedia Restivo.
As the Restivo and van de Rijt.
Wikipedia Restivo.
Restivo and van de Rijt gave barnstars to 100 deserving Wikipedians.
In order to precisely measure the effect of barnstars, Restivo and van de Rijt needed to observe people who did not receive barnstars.
If Restivo and van de Rijt had not had a control group, they would have drawn exactly the wrong conclusion.
In order to precisely measure the effect of barnstars, Restivo and van der Rijt needed to observe people that did not receive barnstars.
If Restivo and van de Rijt didn't have a control group, they would have drawn exactly the wrong conclusion.
To make this all a bit more concrete- bothwhat has stayed the same and what has changed- let's consider Michael Restivo and Arnout van de Rijt's(2012).
Fortunately, Restivo and van de Rijt were not running a“perturb and observe” experiment;
In order to illustrate the potential outcomes framework,let's return to Restivo and van de Rijt's experiment to estimate the the effect of receiving a barnstar on future contributions to Wikipedia.
When Restivo and van de Rijt looked at the control group they found that it had a steep drop in contributions too.
For example, without any additional assumptions, Restivo and van de Rijt cannot say anything about the effects of barnstars on all Wikipedia editors or on outcomes such as edit quality.
Then, Restivo and van de Rijt tracked the recipients' subsequent contributions to Wikipedia over the next 90 days.
Examples of this approach include Restivo and van de Rijt's(2012) experiment on rewards in Wikipedia and Bond and colleague's(2012) experiment on encouraging people to vote.
When Restivo and van de Rijt looked at the behavior of people in the control group, they found that their contributions were decreasing too.
Fortunately, Restivo and van de Rijt were not running a“perturb and observe” experiment;
For example, Restivo and van de Rijt's experiment had the outcome measured daily for 90 days, and one of the experiments I will tell you about later in the chapter(Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) tracked outcomes over three years at basically no cost. These three opportunities- size, pre-treatment information, and longitudinal treatment and outcome data- arise most commonly when experiments are run on top of always-on measurement systems(see chapter 2 for more on always-on measurement systems).
In conclusion, the experiment of Restivo and van de Rijt clearly shows that while the basic logic of experimentation has not changed, the logistics of digital-age experiments can be dramatically different.
As the Restivo and van de Rijt experiment on barnstars in Wikipedia shows, decreased costs means that ethics will become an increasingly important part of research design.
Returning to Restivo and van de Rijt's experiment, imagine two friends\(i\) and\(j\) and that person\(i\) receives a barnstar and\(j\) does not.
In the case of Restivo and van de Rijt, the units were deserving editors- those in the top 1% of contributors- who had not yet received a barnstar.
For example, if Restivo and van de Rijt had given out 1,000 or 10,000 barnstars instead of 100, this might have impacted the effect of receiving a barnstar.
For example, Restivo and van de Rijt's(2012) study of barnstars and Wikipedia was a fully digital experiment because it used digital systems for all four of these steps.
Further, when Restivo and van de Rijt compared people in the treatment group(i.e., received barnstars) to people in the control group, they found that people in the treatment group contributed about 60% more.