The tolerable upper intake level(UL) defines the maximum level of total daily intake of a nutrient(from all sources) judged to be unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects to humans.
The U.S. Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board(FNB)has defined‘Tolerable Upper Intake Levels(UL)' as part of the‘Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs)'.
Because the consequences of hypercalcemia are severe,the U.S. Institute of Medicine has established tolerable upper intake levels(UL) for vitamin D(96):.
However, the Food andNutrition Board of the IOM conservatively set the tolerable upper intake level(UL) at 4,000 IU/day(100 μg/day) for all adults(Table 3).
In order to prevent copper deficiency,the US Food and Nutrition Board set the tolerable upper intake level(UL) for adults at 40 mg/day, including dietary and supplemental zinc(5; Table 3).
The Institute of Medicine of theNational Academy of Sciences has established a tolerable upper intake level(UL) for supplementary magnesium for adolescents and adults at 350 mg daily.
The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board has established a tolerable upper intake level(UL) for vitamin E(alpha-tocopherol) supplements based on the prevention of hemorrhage(2):.
The current tolerable upper limit of intake(UL) for adults, set by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, is 4,000 IU/day(see Safety).
This amount is slightly above the RDA butstill 50 times lower than the tolerable upper intake level(UL) set by the Food and Nutrition Board(see Safety).
A tolerable upper intake level(UL) for vitamin C has been set by the U.S. Food and Nutrition Board in order to prevent most adults from experiencing diarrhea and disturbances in the digestive tract(17):.
The tolerable upper intake level(UL) for the total of all forms of vitamin B3(niacin) has been set by the U.S. Food and Nutrition Board at 35 mg/day in adults to avoid the adverse effect of flushing(22):.
Due to the lack of reports of adverse effects when the Dietary Reference Intakes(DRI) for pantothenic acid were established in 1998, the Food andNutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine did not establish a tolerable upper intake level(UL) for pantothenic acid(16).
Because no adverse effects have been convincingly associated with excess intake of trivalent chromium from food or supplements, the Food and Nutrition Board(FNB)of the Institute of Medicine did not set a tolerable upper intake level(UL) for chromium.
To prevent sensory neuropathy in virtually all individuals,the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine set the tolerable upper intake level(UL) for pyridoxine at 100 mg/day for adults(Table 3)(14).
Although the Institute of Medicine did not establish a tolerable upper level of intake(UL) for omega-3 fatty acids, caution was advised with the use of supplemental EPA and DHA, especially for those who are at increased risk of excessive bleeding(1).
However, the European Food Safety Authority and the U.S. Food and Nutrition Board have decided that there is insufficient scientific data from humanintervention trials to set a precise figure for a tolerable upper intake level(UL) of isolated beta-carotene(46, 1).
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