商用十溴二苯醚消费在2000年代初期达到顶峰,目前仍然在全世界广泛使用。
C-decaBDE consumption peaked in the early 2000' s, but c-decaBDE is still extensively used worldwide.商用十溴二苯醚降解产物的相关信息载于第2.2.2节和UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5。
Information on c-decaBDE degradation products are provided in chapter 2.2.2 and in UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5.中国约有20家公司声称供应商用十溴二苯醚(附件E,IPEN)。
Around 20 differentChinese companies claim to be suppliers of cdecaBDE(Annex E IPEN).十多年来,商用十溴二苯醚一直在接受关于其潜在健康和环境影响的审议。
C-decaBDE has been under scrutiny for its potential health and environmental impacts for more than a decade.美国和欧洲此后不再生产商用十溴二苯醚(见下文第2.1.1章)。
C-decaBDE production has since ceased in United States and Europe(see Section 2.1.1 below).Combinations with other parts of speech
不过,由于监管限制有限,商用十溴二苯醚仍在全世界广泛使用(表2.1-2.3,UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5)。
Yet, due to limited regulatory restrictions, c-decaBDE is still extensively used worldwide(Table 2.1-2.3, UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5).目前商用十溴二苯醚的总生产规模仍是未知,而且现在仅能获取某些国家的审查、贸易和库存数据。
The overall scale of c-decaBDE production today is currently unknown, and data on production, trade and stockpiles is only available for some countries.日本也生产商用十溴二苯醚,但主要在国内消费(附件E,日本)。
Japan produces c-decaBDE, but consumes all domestically(Annex E Japan).作为添加型阻燃剂,商用十溴二苯醚不能在化学上与使用它的产品或原料结合。
As an additive flame retardant, c-decaBDE is not chemically bound to the product or the material in which it is used.商用十溴二苯醚和BDE-209也是高毒性PBDD/PBDF和六溴苯的来源。
C-decaBDE and BDE-209 are also a source to highly toxic PBDD/PBDF and hexabromobenzene.商用十溴二苯醚是一种人工合成物质,不会自然出现,在全世界的许多应用中被用作阻燃剂。
C-decaBDE is a synthetic substance with no known natural occurrence that is used as a flame retardant in many applications worldwide.就全球而言,各国和各大陆之间对商用十溴二苯醚的总需求量大相径庭(表2.2和2.3,UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5)。
Globally, the total market demand for c-decaBDE differs considerably between countries and continents(Table 2.2 and 2.3, UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5).在日本,商用十溴二苯醚有60%用于车辆座椅,19%用于建筑材料,15%用于纺织品。
In Japan 60% of the c-decaBDE is used in vehicle seats, 19% in construction materials and 15% in textiles.BDE-209是商用十溴二苯醚的主要成分,在全球环境中无处不在,也存在于生物群中。
BDE-209, the main component of c-decaBDE, is ubiquitous in the global environment, including biota.这意味着,需要制订控制措施来解决商用十溴二苯醚的生产和使用,进一步预防商用八溴二苯醚混合物成分在周围环境中形成。
This implies that controlmeasures need to be established that address c-DecaBDE production and use to prevent further formation of components of the c-OctaBDE mixture in the environment.商用十溴二苯醚主要由同系物BDE-209(gt;=97%)构成,此外还包含少量的其他多溴二苯醚同系物,例如九溴联苯醚(0.3%-3%)和八溴二苯醚(0%-0.04%)。
C-decaBDE consist predominantly of the congener BDE-209(gt; =97%), with low levels of other brominated diphenyl ether congeners such as nonabromodiphenyl ether(0.3-3%) and octabromodiphenyl ether(0-0.04%).商用十溴二苯醚通常在塑料/聚合物中使用,按重量计其负载量为10%-15%,但据报告称在某些情况下其负载量高达20%(欧洲化学品管理局,2012年c)。
Typically cdecaBDE is used in plastics/polymers at loadings of 10-15% by weight, though in some cases loadings as high as 20% have been reported(ECHA 2012c).据现有资料显示,目前可从全球几个生产商和供应商那里获得商用十溴二苯醚(Ren,2013年a;RPA,2014年,出版中),且目前使用不同的商品名上市销售(表1)。
According to available information c-decaBDE is currently available from several producers and suppliers globally(Ren 2013a, RPA 2014, in press) and is being marketed under different tradenames(Table 1).商用十溴二苯醚是一种通用的添加型阻燃剂,通过与原料物理结合来抑制原料燃烧和降低火焰蔓延速度。
C-decaBDE is a general purpose additive flame retardant, that is physically combined with the material in which it is used to inhibit the ignition and slow the rate at which flames spread.在纺织行业,商用十溴二苯醚可用于处理多种合成、混纺纤维和天然纤维(欧洲化学品管理局,2013年a)。
In the textile sector, c-decaBDE can be used to treat a wide range of synthetic, blended and natural fibres(ECHA 2013a).例如,在2003年,美国的商用十溴二苯醚生产仅向大气就释放了31吨该物质(ACAP,2007年)。
For example, in 2003 the production of c-decaBDE in the United States released as much as 31 tonnes of c-decaBDE to the atmosphere alone(ACAP 2007).惠普公司(美国个人电脑销售排名第二)已制订了政策,禁止在其产品中使用商用十溴二苯醚(惠普公司,2005年)。
Hewlett-Packard( 2 in US PC sales)has set a policy banning use of c-DecaBDE in its products.(Hewlett-Packard, 2005).联想(美国个人电脑销售排名第六)已在其产品中消除了多溴二苯醚,包括商用八溴二苯醚和商用十溴二苯醚(Pierce,2006年)。
Lenovo( 6 in US PC sales)has eliminated PBDEs including c-OctaBDE and c-DecaBDE in all of their products(Pierce, 2006).商用十溴二苯醚是一种主要由十溴二苯醚(大于97%)组成并含有少量九溴二苯醚(0.3-3%)和八溴二苯醚(0-0.04%)杂质的化学品;7.
Commercial decabromodiphenyl ether is a chemical product consisting predominantly of decabromodiphenyl ether(gt; 97 per cent) with low levels(0.3- 3 per cent) of nonabromodiphenyl ether and octabromodiphenyl ether(0-0.04 per cent) as impurities;商用十溴二苯醚(c-decaBDE)是一种多溴二苯醚(PBDE)制剂,由十溴二苯醚(BDE-209,gt;=90%)加少量九溴二苯醚和八溴二苯醚构成。
Commercially available decabromodiphenyl ether(c-decaBDE) is a polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE) formulation consisting of decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209,gt; =90%), with small amounts of nonabromodiphenyl ether and octabromodiphenyl ether..由于商用十溴二苯醚及过去释放的商用五溴二苯醚和八溴二苯醚的脱溴,导致生物体经常暴露在大量的多溴二苯醚中。
Due to debromination of c-decaBDE and past releases of commercial penta- and octabromodiphenyl ether organisms are often exposed to a multitude of PBDEs.商用十溴二苯醚在1970-2005年期间的总产量在110万-125万吨之间,与多氯联苯的产量规模相似(持久性有机污染物审查委员会,2010年c;Breivik,2002年)。
Total production of c-decaBDE in the period 1970-2005 was between 1.1-1.25 million tonnes, similar to the scale of production of PCBs(POPRC 2010c, Breivik 2002).欧盟、美国和加拿大不再生产商用十溴二苯醚(欧洲中央银行,2002年;欧洲化学品管理局,2012年a,b;加拿大环境部,2008年;美国环保局,2012年)。
Production of c-decaBDE no longer takes place in the EU, the United States and Canada(ECB 2002, ECHA 2012a, b, ECA 2008, US EPA 2012).日本每年制造约600公吨商用十溴二苯醚(附件E,日本),目前日本有两家制造商(附件E,IPEN)。
Japan produces an estimated 600 metric tonnes of c-decaBDE per year(Annex E Japan), and there are currently two Japanese producers(Annex E IPEN).在欧洲,商用十溴二苯醚已于1999年退出生产,但仍大量进口(欧洲中央银行,2002年;欧洲化学品管理局,2012年a,c;RPA,2014年(出版中))。
In Europe, production of c-decaBDE ceased in 1999, but c-decaBDE is still imported in considerable quantities(ECB 2002, ECHA 2012a, c, RPA 2014(in press)).