Ví dụ về việc sử dụng Extractive institutions trong Tiếng anh và bản dịch của chúng sang Tiếng việt
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Though ephemeral, this type of growth still illustrates how extractive institutions can stimulate economic activity.
Extractive institutions that expropriate and impoverish the people and block economic development are quite common in Africa, Asia, and South America.
Or it can intensify the emergence of extractive institutions, as was the case with the Second Serfdom in Eastern Europe.
It is true that before 1914, Argentina experienced around fifty years of economic growth,but this was a classic case of growth under extractive institutions.
On the one hand itcan open the way for breaking the cycle of extractive institutions and enable more inclusive ones to emerge, as in England.
The different histories and social structures of the countries lead to the differences in the nature of the elites andin the details of the extractive institutions.
But as in all instances of growth under extractive institutions, this experience did not feature technological change and was not sustained.
The experience of economic growth during the Roman Republic was impressive,as were other examples of growth under extractive institutions, such as the Soviet Union.
One reason is that with extractive institutions there is much to gain from overthrowing the Supreme Court, and the potential benefits are worth the risks.
Modernization theory is both incorrect andunhelpful for thinking about how to confront the major problems of extractive institutions in failing nations.
Unfortunately, as we will see in the next chapter, extractive institutions create equally strong forces toward their persistence- the process of the vicious circle.
Extractive institutions then not only pave the way for the next regime, which will be even more extractive, but they also engender continuous infighting and civil wars.
In Russia and Austria-Hungary, it wasn't simply the neglect and mismanagement of the elites andthe insidious economic slide under extractive institutions that prevented industrialization;
Though these were different extractive institutions in form, they had similar effects on the livelihoods of the people as the extractive institutions in Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone.
In the rest of this chapter, we will first discuss the nature of institutional innovations that establish some degree of state centralization andenable growth under extractive institutions.
In this light, it is no surprise that the extractive institutions that many African countries inherited from the colonial powers sowed the seeds of power struggles and civil wars.
History, as we have seen, is littered with examples of reform movements that succumbed to the iron law of oligarchy andreplaced one set of extractive institutions with even more pernicious ones.….
China may continue to grow in the near term,but this is growth under extractive institutions- mostly relying on politically connected businesses and technological transfer and catch-up.
The extractive institutions upon which this narrow elite ruled created extensive inequality, and thus the potential for infighting between those who could benefit from the wealth extracted from the people.
The collapse of the state under Momoh,once again a consequence of the vicious circle unleashed by the extreme extractive institutions under Stevens, meant that there was nothing to stop the RUF from coming across the border in 1991.
But the reason why these extractive institutions persist is always related to the vicious circle, and the implications of these institutions in terms of impoverishing their citizens are similar- even if their intensity differs.
It was the empowerment of blacks in the South that led the way, as in Montgomery,by challenging extractive institutions around them, by demanding their rights, and by protesting and mobilizing in order to obtain them.
When extractive institutions create city-states in huge inequalities in society and great wealth and unchecked power for those in control, there will be many wishing to fight to take control of the state and institutions. .
This did not prevent the rise of the National Socialist Party in Germany or a militaristic regime intent on territorial expansion via war in Japan-making both political and economic institutions take a sharp turn toward extractive institutions.
Second, it is again the underlying extractive institutions that make politics so attractive to, and so biased in favor of, strongmen such as Perón and Chávez, rather than an effective party system producing socially desirable alternatives.
Though Sankoh and other RUF leaders may have started with political grievances,and the grievances of the people suffering under the APC's extractive institutions may have encouraged them to join the movement early on, the situation quickly changed and spun out of control.
Because whoever controls the state becomes the beneficiary of this excessive power andthe wealth that it generates, extractive institutions create incentives for infighting in order to control power and its benefits, a dynamic that we saw played out in Maya city- states and in Ancient Rome.
Their help will translate into meaningful change only when a broad segment of society mobilizes and organizes in order to effect political change,and does so not for sectarian reasons or to take control of extractive institutions, but to transform extractive institutions into more inclusive ones.
But while such institutions became gradually stronger in England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688,in Venice they ultimately transformed themselves into extractive institutions under the control of a narrow elite that monopolized both economic opportunities and political power.
While Japanese institutions were being transformed and the economy was embarking on a path of rapid growth, in China forces pushing for institutionalchange were not strong enough, and extractive institutions persisted largely unabated until they would take a turn for the worse with Mao's communist revolution in 1949.