Examples of using Foreign certification in English and their translations into Arabic
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Colloquial
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Political
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Ecclesiastic
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Ecclesiastic
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Computer
Do you have foreign certification?
Foreign certifications awarded to Diwan company.
Both technology to produce high quality products and foreign certification of that quality are expensive.
Foreign Certification Service Provider- E-Services- Telecommunications Regulatory Authority.
It was therefore proposed to redraft paragraph(1)to the effect that the recognition of foreign certification authorities should be subject to the laws of the enacting State.
Support was expressed in favour of retaining in the Uniform Rules a provision that authorized a domestic certification authority toprovide guarantees in connection with certificates issued by foreign certification authorities.
Certificates issued by foreign certification authorities shall not be precluded from having the same recognition as certificates issued by domestic certification authorities on the ground that they have been issued by foreign certification authorities.”.
However, the existence of a guarantee pursuant to draft article 18 was not anecessary condition for the recognition of a certificate issued by foreign certification authorities that otherwise met the conditions set forth in draft article 19.
Developing countries were concerned about the increasing presence of foreign certification bodies in their countries and stressed the need for training at the national level of environmentally competent certifiers. Trade and investment impacts.
Detailed mapping of certificate policies and certificate practice statements is also unnecessary, as the relying party decides whether to accept the foreign certificate based on whether thecertificate has been issued by a trustworthy foreign certification services provider.
In connection with the conditions to be met by a foreign certification authority, it was observed that the purpose of draft paragraph(1) was to ensure that those conditions would be essentially the same as those applying to national certification authorities.
For that purpose, paragraphs(1) and(2) set forth the tests that might be applied in the enacting State in order torecognize the certificates issued by foreign certification authorities, as well as signatures and records complying with the laws of another State.
Certificates issued by foreign certification authorities may be used for digital signatures on the same terms as certificates subject to these Rules on the basis of an appropriate guarantee provided by a certification authority operating under… [the law of the enacting State].”.
It was further suggested that the Uniform Rules should leave it for the enacting State to decide whether and under what conditions domestic certification authorities couldprovide such a guarantee in connection with certificates issued by foreign certification authorities.
Firstly, certification services providers may be reluctant to recognize foreign certificates orthe keys issued by foreign certification services providers whose liability or standards of care may be lower than their own.
It was suggested that those different levels of trustworthiness were not adequately reflected in draft article 18 and that, if the provision was retained, it should be made clear that it did not exclude arrangements other than a full guarantee of the correctness andvalidity of a certificate issued by a foreign certification authority.
Furthermore, both paragraph(1) and paragraph(2) implied that the enacting State should apply its ownlaws to ascertain the reliability of certificates issued by foreign certification authorities as well as signatures and records complying with the laws of another State.
Digital signatures that are verified by reference to a certificate issued by a foreign certification authority shall not be precluded from being given effect[by courts and other finders of fact] if the certificate is as reliable as is appropriate for the purpose for which the certificate was issued, in light of all the circumstances.”.
As such, draft article 17 touched upon matters of trade policy, namely the extent to which the enactingState would waive restrictions against the establishment of foreign certification authorities and the provision of services by foreign certification authorities.
It was pointed out that the objectives of draft article 17 were twofold: firstly, it recognized the right of a foreign certification authority to become locally established, under the conditions set forth therein; and secondly,it gave the foreign certification authorities the right to provide services in the enacting State without having a local establishment.
While firms face the challenge of establishing an EMS with a view to seeking third party certification, local certification bodies, particularly those in developing countries,have to equip themselves in order to compete with the many foreign certification bodies that operate in their countries.
With regard to paragraph(1), the view was expressed that thenotion of legal equivalence between certificates issued by foreign certification authorities and certificates issued by certification authorities operating under the rules of the enacting State was not sufficiently clear.
The Working Group considered briefly a number of suggestions that were made so as to reflect more clearly in the chapter heading the subject matter dealt with therein(e.g.“cross-border recognition of certificates”,“recognition of electronic signatures andcertificates”,“recognition of foreign certification authorities and certificates”).
Secondly, users of electronic signature and authentication methods, too,may fear that lower liability limits or standards of care of a foreign certification services provider may limit the remedies available to them in case, for instance, of forgery or false reliance.
Certificates issued by foreign certification authorities may be used for digital signatures on the same terms as certificates subject to these Rules if they are recognized by a certification authority operating under… [the law of the enacting State], and that certification authority guarantees, to the same extent as its own certificates, the correctness of the details of the certificate as well as the certificate being valid and in force.”.
In enacting States that had such regulatory regimes, paragraph(1)provided minimum standards for the recognition of certificates issued by foreign certification authorities that were used in connection with transactions other than those for which a specified class of certificates was required.
The additional burden placed on foreign certification services providers by domestic technology-driven requirements has the potential to become a barrier to international trade. For example, laws relating to the means by which national authorities grant recognition to foreign electronic signatures and certificates could discriminate against foreign businesses.
So far, every legislature that has considered this issue has included in itslaws some requirement relating to the standards adhered to by the foreign certification services provider, so the issue is inextricably related to the broader question of conflicting national standards.
(1) Certificates issued by a foreign certification authority are recognized as legally equivalent to certificates issued by certification authorities operating under… [the law of the enacting State] if the practices of the foreign certification authority provide a level of reliability at least equivalent to that required of certification authorities under these Rules.[Such recognition may be made through a published determination of the State or through bilateral or multilateral agreement between or among the States concerned.].
With regard to the title of chapter IV, it was said that the reference therein to recognition of foreign electronic signatures was not appropriate,since the chapter dealt with the provision of services by foreign certification authorities(i.e. draft article 17), the endorsement of foreign certificates by domestic certification authorities(i.e. draft article 18) and the recognition of foreign certificates(i.e. draft article 19).