Examples of using Sovereign borrowing in English and their translations into Arabic
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Colloquial
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Political
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Ecclesiastic
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Ecclesiastic
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Computer
Such public funds may originate from State income or sovereign borrowing.
Other sources of financing include sovereign borrowing and, more recently being explored, concessional loans and borrowing in international capital markets.
Such public funds may originate from government income or sovereign borrowing.
Political institutions influence sovereign borrowing, but lending to States also shapes the political institutions of the recipient, including those which are used to perpetrate crimes.
Another important trend in developmentfinance relates to the increasing importance of corporate versus sovereign borrowing.
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The record volume was achieved despite the virtual absence of sovereign borrowing by a number of creditworthy countries.
Until recently, sovereign borrowing was at the centre of financial flows to developing countries, but in the last few years corporate borrowing has become increasingly important.
A lack of globally agreed rules andregulations guiding sovereign financing had contributed to many instances of irresponsible sovereign borrowing and lending to sovereign countries.
In the medium term, sovereign borrowing costs are expected to increase as a result of higher interest rates driven by tightening monetary policies and the unwinding of the government bond holdings of central banks.
Liberalization and globalization of FS turned the equity markets into an essential source of capital for investment, growth and development(replacingtraditional sources of finance, e.g. sovereign borrowing and bank lending).
Tighter financial sector regulations and increased high-income sovereign borrowing are estimated to reduce DCs ' growth rates by 0.2- 0.7 per cent for a five-to-seven-year period.
The global financial crisis and the accompanying rise in risk aversion, in particular after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008,led to a drastic increase in sovereign borrowing spreads for emerging markets as a group.
The World Bank estimates that tighter financial regulations andincreased sovereign borrowing could reduce the growth rates of developing countries by between 0.2-0.7 per cent for a period of five to seven years.
In addition to sovereign borrowing, major financial institutions have been very active in the primary market this quarter. MENA entities borrowed a total amount of USD 32.3 billion in Q3. Total issuances in the first three quarters reached USD 92.6 billion, a 15% increase on the same period of last year.
The Fund's framework for governing resourcesborrowed from sovereign entities is known as the sovereign borrowing framework, while governing document for concessional partner loans is known as the concessional partner loans framework.
Stressing importance of the Principles on Promoting Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on 4 May 2011, which aim to reduce the prevalence of sovereign debt crises, prevent unsustainable debt situations, maintain steady economic growth and help achieve the Millennium Development Goals,encouraging to that end responsible sovereign borrowing.
Under the right circumstances,safer debt instruments that may reduce the risks of sovereign borrowing include domestic currency debt, long-term debt and debt contracts which require payments that are linked to the borrower ' s ability to pay.
Such policies involve the promotion of newer and safer debt instruments; regulation aimed at reducing destabilizing capital flows; the creation of an effective international lender of last resort; the design of a set of guidelines aimed atlimiting solvency crises by promoting responsible sovereign borrowing and lending to sovereigns; and the design of a mechanism for dealing with sovereign debt crises(see resolution 63/303).
Under the right circumstances,safer debt instruments that may reduce the risks of sovereign borrowing include domestic currency debt, long-term debt and debt contracts which require payments that are linked to the borrower ' s ability to pay.
According to the 2011 Report, policies should involve(a) the promotion of newer and safer debt instruments,(b) regulatory measures aimed at reducing destabilizing capital flows,(c) the creation of an effective international lender of last resort,(d) the design of a set of guidelines aimed atlimiting solvency crises by promoting responsible sovereign borrowing and lending to sovereigns and(e) the design of a mechanism to deal with sovereign debt crises.
Although the London Club was formed in the 1980s and still functions as a forum for renegotiating loans made by commercial banks,most of the new sovereign borrowing on international financial markets has been in the form of bonds, and no mechanism exists to treat defaulted bond debt.
It would impart specific knowledge of such topics as national loan and guarantee approval procedures; conditions precedent to loan agreements; dispute resolution; arbitration; export credit practice; syndication;debt rescheduling through the Paris and London Clubs; sovereign borrowing and the principles of budgetary law; debt conversions and buy-backs; debt negotiations; and the role of lawyers in debt negotiations.
UNCTAD Discussion Paper No. 198: Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing.
Promoting Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing, including Developing Guidelines and Criteria for Assessing Legitimacy of Sovereign Debt".
At the end of 2009,UNCTAD launched an initiative to promote responsible sovereign lending and borrowing.
As part of this work,UNCTAD launched the Project on Promoting Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing in 2009.
A recent UNCTAD project had sought to draw up aset of universally agreed principles for responsible sovereign lending and borrowing.
Panellists and participants agreed that the Principles on Promoting Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing aimed to reduce the frequency and severity of debt crises.
He further commended Norway for its commitment to, and support for,multilateral efforts to promote responsible sovereign lending and borrowing and to develop criteria for assessing legitimacy of sovereign debt.
The UNCTAD Project Promoting Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing contains a set of principles to guide responsible sovereign lending and borrowing practices based on extensive consultations with prominent experts in the fields of law, finance and economics.