Examples of using Problem opioid use in English and their translations into Danish
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Treatment of problem opioid use.
Problem opioid use and injecting drug use in countries neighbouring the European Union.
Time trends in problem opioid use.
Problem opioid use: between 1 and 8 cases per 1 000 adult population aged 15-64.
Prevalence estimates of problem opioid use.
Recent estimates of the prevalence of problem opioid use at national level range roughly between one and six cases per 1 000 population aged 15-64.
A lack of reliable andconsistent historical data complicates the assessment of trends over time in problem opioid use.
Supply and availability• Problem opioid use• Injecting drug use• Treatment.
Heroin supply and availability• Prevalence andpatterns of use• Injecting drug use• Treatment of problem opioid use.
Reports from some countries suggest that problem opioid use may, on average, have stabilised somewhat in recent years.
This mainly reflected a shift in the substances used by problem heroin users, butnot an increase in the overall prevalence of problem opioid use.
A lack of reliable historical data complicates the assessment of trends over time in problem opioid use and trends should thus be interpreted with caution.
Estimates of the prevalence of problem opioid use at national level over the period 2000-04 range between one and eight cases per 1 000 population aged 15-64 based on midpoints of estimates.
In Cyprus, an estimate made in 2007 indicates that there has been a significant increase in problem opioid use, which has been linked with an increase in foreign nationals in treatment 114.
Estimated prevalence rates of problem opioid use differ greatly between countries, although when different methods have been used within one country the results are largely consistent.
Because of large confidence intervals and the fact that the estimate is based on data from different years,it is not possible to conclude that there was a decrease in the prevalence of problem opioid use in Europe.
One can derive from the limited data a general EU prevalence of problem opioid use of between two and eight cases per 1 000 of the population aged 15-64.
Incidence of problem opioid use(the number of new cases occurring in a given year) is a more sensitive measure for changes over time, and may provide an early view on future developments in prevalence and in treatment demand.
The GIF method seems to be robust and might, in addition to incidence estimates, also provide cost-effective estimates of problem opioid use prevalence as well as of substitution treatment coverage, and their change over time.
Data from repeated estimates on problem opioid use for the period between 2001 and 2005 are only available from eight countries and provide a relatively stable picture with only one country(Austria) showing a clear increase 120.
The limited number of repeated estimates of the incidence and prevalence of problem opioid use, together with the statistical uncertainty around individual estimates, contributes to the difficulty of monitoring time trends.
Higher estimates of problem opioid use are reported by Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta and Austria(5-8 cases per 1 000 inhabitants aged 15-64 years), and lower rates are reported by the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Cyprus, Latvia and the Netherlands(fewer than four cases per 1 000 inhabitants aged 15-64 years) Figure 8.
Reports from some countries, supported by other indicator data,suggest that problem opioid use continued to increase during the latter half of the 1990s(Figure 9) but appears to have stabilised or declined somewhat in more recent years.
Repeated estimates on problem opioid use for the period between 2000 and 2004 are available from seven countries(the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria): four countries(the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain) have recorded a decrease in problem opioid use, while one reported an increase Austria- although this is difficult to interpret as the data collection system changed during this period.
Where adequate and up to date estimates of the incidence and prevalence of problem opioid use are not available, it may still be possible to analyse trends over time using other, mainly indirect, indicators such as treatment demand data.
The countries reporting the highest well-documented estimates of problem opioid use are Ireland, Malta, Italy and Luxembourg, while the lowest are reported by the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Latvia, Poland and Finland both the Czech Republic and Finland have large estimates of problem users of amphetamines.
Problem opioids use: between one and eight cases per 1 000 adult population aged 15-64.