Examples of using Switchgrass in English and their translations into Vietnamese
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Colloquial
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Ecclesiastic
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Computer
Nowadays, they got soybean fuel, switchgrass fuel, algae fuel.
Once established, switchgrass can take up to three years to reach its full production potential.
Studies have found that for every unit ofenergy input needed to create a biofuel from switchgrass, four units of energy are yielded.
Another study found that switchgrass uses 0.8 GJ/ODT of fossil energy compared to grain corn's 2.9 GJ/ODT.
The research finds a negative energy return of 46 percent for corn ethanol,50 percent for switchgrass, 63 percent for soybean biodiesel and 58 percent for rapeseed.
Switchgrass is useful for soil conservation and amendment, particularly in the United States and Canada, where switchgrass is endemic.
Surprisingly, the experiment revealed that northern switchgrass gene plays a role in increased biomass as well.
The switchgrass ethanol industry energy balance is also considered to be substantially better than that of corn ethanol.
After four months, the team found that biochars produced from switchgrass and hardwoods increased soil moisture storage in all three soils.
Northern upland switchgrass typically lives on ridgelines and in prairie areas in states such as South Dakota, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
Although the total efficiency compares favorably to that of some other solar-to-electricity sources,such as switchgrass(0.2%), it is still much lower than the efficiency of conventional solar cells.
Switchgrass is both a perennial and self-seeding crop, which means farmers do not have to plant and reseed after annual harvesting.
Requiring less fertilizer than typical annual crops like corn, switchgrass can keep more nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the soil and out of our air and waterways.
Switchgrass is also being used to heat small industrial and farm buildings in Germany and China through a process used to make a low quality natural gas substitute.
In George W. Bush's 2006 State of the Union Address, he proposed using switchgrass for ethanol; since then, over US$100 million has been invested into researching switchgrass as a potential biofuel source.
Switchgrass becomes stemmy and unpalatable as it matures, but during the target grazing period, it is a favorable forage with a relative feed value(RFV) of 90-104.
If we can make Arabidopsis interact with this fungus,then we believe we can make other biofuel crops like switchgrass, or food crops like corn also interact and confer the exact same benefits.
However, northern switchgrass does not grow as large or as quickly as the southern lowland ecotype that thrives in wet, marshy areas from Missouri and Kansas down to Texas.
DuPont, in partnership with Genera Energy and the University of Tennessee,is working with local farmers to produce cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass and other plants to ease dependence upon the non-renewable resource of fossil fuels.
As a greenhouse gas mitigation strategy, switchgrass pellets were found to be an effective means to use farmland to mitigate greenhouse gases on the order of 7.6-13 tonnes per hectare of CO2.
David Lowry, assistant professor of plant biology at MSU, and Thomas Juenger, professor of integrative biology at UT Austin,led a team that identified genes that boost switchgrass growth across a wide range of climates- and that these plants can be bred to include these genetic markers.
In the United States, switchgrass yields appear to be highest in warm humid regions with long growing seasons such as the US Southeast and lowest in the dry short season areas of the Northern Great Plains.
A recent study from the Great Plains indicated that for ethanol production from switchgrass, this figure is 6.4, or alternatively, that 540% more energy was contained in the ethanol produced than was used in growing the switchgrass and converting it to liquid fuel.
Switchgrass is an excellent forage for cattle; however, it has shown toxicity in horses, sheep, and goats[47][48][49] through chemical compounds known as saponins, which cause photosensitivity and liver damage in these animals.
Fuels derived from plants such as switchgrass, corn and algae can be used in existing engines, but to provide the same energy they need to be“essentially identical” to petroleum-derived kerosene, Csonka says.
Switchgrass is an excellent drilling for cattle; However, it has been shown in the literature, by sheep and goats[45][46][47] through chemical compounds known as saponins, which causes photosensitivity and liver damage in these animals.
The energy inputs required to grow switchgrass are favorable when compared with annual seed bearing crops such as corn, soybean, or canola, which can require relatively high energy inputs for field operations, crop drying, and fertilization.
Switchgrass has two distinct forms, or“cytotypes”: the lowland cultivars, which tend to produce more biomass, and the upland cultivars, which are more of northern origin, more cold-tolerant, and therefore generally preferred in northern areas.
Results also indicated that switchgrass biochar amendments could extend the window of soil water availability by 1.0 to 3.6 days for a soybean crop in Florence and could increase soil water availability for crops grown in Pacific Northwest silt loam soils by 0.4 to 2.5 days.
A summary of switchgrass yields across 13 research trial sites in the United States found the top two cultivars in each trial to yield 9.4 to 22.9 t/ha, with an average yield of 14.6 ODT/ha.