Примеры использования Chern classes на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Chern classes are characteristic classes. .
This shows that the Chern classes of V are well-defined.
Chern classes are also feasible to calculate in practice.
In fact, these properties uniquely characterize the Chern classes.
Chern classes arise naturally in algebraic geometry.
If X is finite-dimensional then most terms vanish and td(E)is a polynomial in the Chern classes.
Algebro-geometric Chern classes do not require the underlying field to have any special properties.
For complex vector bundles of dimension greater than one, the Chern classes are not a complete invariant.
That is, Chern classes are cohomology classes in the sense of de Rham cohomology.
It is named for J. A. Todd, who introduced a special case of the concept in algebraic geometry in 1937, before the Chern classes were defined.
The Chern classes of M are thus defined to be the Chern classes of its tangent bundle.
In differential geometry(and some types of algebraic geometry), the Chern classes can be expressed as polynomials in the coefficients of the curvature form.
The Chern classes satisfy the following four axioms: Axiom 1. c 0( E) 1{\displaystyle c_{0}(E)=1} for all E. Axiom 2.
There are several variations depending on what groups the Chern classes lie in: For complex varieties the Chern classes can take values in ordinary cohomology, as above.
The Chern classes offer some information about this through, for instance, the Riemann-Roch theorem and the Atiyah-Singer index theorem.
The Todd class of a vector bundle can be defined by means of the theory of Chern classes, andis encountered where Chern classes exist- most notably in differential topology, the theory of complex manifolds and algebraic geometry.
The Chern classes provide a simple test: if the Chern classes of a pair of vector bundles do not agree, then the vector bundles are different.
For varieties over general fields, the Chern classes can take values in cohomology theories such as etale cohomology or l-adic cohomology.
The generalized Chern classes in algebraic geometry can be defined for vector bundles(or more precisely, locally free sheaves) over any nonsingular variety.
The original approach to Chern classes was via algebraic topology: the Chern classes arise via homotopy theory which provides a mapping associated with V to a classifying space an infinite Grassmannian in this case.
The formal properties of the Chern classes remain the same, with one crucial difference: the rule which computes the first Chern class of a tensor product of line bundles in terms of first Chern classes of the factors is not(ordinary) addition, but rather a formal group law.
If M is also compact and of dimension 2d,then each monomial of total degree 2d in the Chern classes can be paired with the fundamental class of M, giving an integer, a Chern number of M. If M′ is another almost complex manifold of the same dimension, then it is cobordant to M if and only if the Chern numbers of M′ coincide with those of M. The theory also extends to real symplectic vector bundles, by the intermediation of compatible almost complex structures.
Thus the total Chern class terminates.
In particular, symplectic manifolds have a well-defined Chern class.
Therefore, the pullback by either f org of any universal Chern class to a cohomology class of M must be the same class. .
The top Chern class of V(meaning c n( V){\displaystyle c_{n}(V)}, where n is the rank of V) is always equal to the Euler class of the underlying real vector bundle.
The first Chern class turns out to be a complete invariant with which to classify complex line bundles, topologically speaking.
That is, there is a bijection between the isomorphism classes of line bundles over X and the elements of H2(X;Z),which associates to a line bundle its first Chern class.
Then the only nontrivial Chern class is the first Chern class, which is an element of the second cohomology group of X. As it is the top Chern class, it equals the Euler class of the bundle.
For this, we need the following fact:the first Chern class of a trivial bundle is zero, i.e., c 1( C P 1× C) 0.{\displaystyle c_{ 1}(\ mathbb{ CP}^{ 1}\ times\ mathbb{ C}) =0.} This is evinced by the fact that a trivial bundle always admits a flat connection.