Примеры использования Elasticities на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Other elasticities of demand.
So do assumed consumption and production elasticities to changing prices.
Other elasticities of demand.
The theoretical case for this is more complex than indicated,being dependent on relative demand elasticities.
Income elasticities- the change in consumption that occurs when income rises by 1 percent- illustrate this distinction.
Indeed, many named specific methodologies they had used, for example,for estimating demand elasticities.
High income elasticities, product innovation and changing consumption patterns all contributed to that dynamism.
Different wage levels,current and expected gas prices and assumed elasticities played the key role in the exercise.
The rebound effect will usually be larger if energy costs make up a large share of the total costs of a given product or its consumption, andwill also depend on demand elasticities.
Based on this information we estimate substitution elasticities and factor-biased technical change in a flexible(translog) cost function framework.
Countries in Western Europe have had lower GDP growth rates than other developed economies since 1973,while also having lower employment elasticities.
The third consequence of low demand and supply elasticities in many commodity markets is the persistence of large short-term fluctuations in prices.
Other statistical derivatives that could bepresented are marginal propensities, income elasticities and some explanation for their trends.
Thus, specific foods may have higher price elasticities of demand than others, since consumers are able to substitute different types of food 9.
In South Asia, however, per capita cereal demand should increase fastest, because of strong income growth and relatively high income elasticities of demand.
And without information about price elasticities, non-stationarity of price ratios is not informative as to whether the two products(locations) are in different markets CRAI, 2001.
Fuel and food commodity markets are characterized bylow short-term demand and supply price elasticities, and this adds to the volatility of their market prices.
Elasticities determine the magnitude of volume responses to price changes and the proportion of the support that leaks away from the intended recipients to other sectors.
At present, central and eastern European economies suffer from substantial asymmetries in both income and price elasticities of their exports and imports.
Price elasticities of demand for products can vary depending on people's preferences and habits and the number of alternatives that are available; they can also change over time.
Particularly when regions orcountries have different demand elasticities, charging different prices in different areas would lead to an increase in total profitability.
In a recent work, Kee, Nicita andOlarreaga from the research development group of the World Bank were able to estimate demand elasticities for 4,625 imported goods in 117 countries.
This forecast is expected to elaborate based on labour elasticities, provided by ILO and the base line scenario model results as well as alternative scenarios see 3.5.
The potential of building up the industrial sector derives, on the supply side, from a predisposition to scale economies, specialization, technological change and learning; andon the demand side, from favourable price and income elasticities.
The output elasticities with respect to transport resulting form the first kind of approach show a large variance. The range from zero to 0.7, the latter figure being typical for time series.
However, such a response may not prove effective in view of the fact that the price elasticities of internationally traded goods tend to be limited in the short term and consumer choice is not a matter of price alone.
Using the elasticities underlying the external conditions index, the total effect of changes in the terms of trade, industrialized country growth and world interest rates on developing country growth can be estimated.
In competitive markets characterized by low price and income elasticities of demand, this leads to falling real prices, with the productivity gains being passed on to consumers.
As illustrated by the growth of demand in China over the past few years, China itself being a major dynamic factor in world trade,countries at lower income levels typically have higher income elasticities for both food items and raw materials.
To reduce these asymmetries in price and income elasticities, central and eastern European countries will have to increase the proportion of capital-, research and development- and skill-intensive exports.