Примеры использования Krill predators на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Krill predators-(i) Where are the krill predators found?
Other papers, reports andstudies also exist that relate to krill predators.
The Working Group noted that fisheries may affect krill predators through a number of mechanisms, including, inter alia.
Incidental mortality-(i) What effects is the fishery having on Antarctic marine living resources other than krill and krill predators?
All indices are used to calculate the relative risks to krill, predators and the fishery within each spatial unit.
The Working Group also requested Members work on evaluating the likely performance of proposed approaches with respect to krill, krill predators and the fishery.
The Scientific Committee agreed that different krill predators feed in different ways and use prey fields differently.
The Workshop commented on the need to consider ecological processes and functions such as flux andmeasuring the impact of the fishery on krill predators when developing the risk assessment.
The Working Group agreed that whales were key krill predators in the Southern Ocean and would form a major component of regional ecosystem models.
They noted that CEMP has limited spatial coverage anddoes not currently provide information about the state of some major groups of krill predators, including fish and many flying seabirds.
Whales represent important krill predators in the Southern Ocean and WG-EMM-17/14 provided an analysis of minke whale(Balaenoptera acutorostrata) feeding habits and prey consumption.
Overall, the authors concluded that the potential importance of this area to krill and krill predators presents an important opportunity for research.
For example, sightings of cetacean and other krill predators reported with the amount of time spent making wildlife observations could be obtained by observers on krill vessels.
The Working Group noted the desire for regular estimates of krill biomass from Subarea 48.1 in order tofurther understand the linkage with the reproductive performance of krill predators in the region.
Detecting effects in pelagic areas may need monitoring of krill predators utilising those areas, such as cetaceans, ice seals and fish.
Understanding where krill predators forage to provide overlap indices between tracking data and the spatial distribution of krill catches is a priority for the Working Group.
Results from the model also indicate that competition between the fishery that operates during winter and krill predators that forage during summer may occur despite the temporal separation of these activities.
The Working Group agreed that calculations of a subdivision can be improved by the use of acoustic biomass assessments of the distribution of krill, as well as estimates of consumption by krill predators in different areas.
Dr Kasatkina noted that the data describing spatial patterns for krill, predators and the fishery weight used in WG-EMM-16/69 reflect information at different spatial and temporal scales.
These participants also noted that the krill stock has not been impacted by historical fishing, andthat there are no clear negative impacts to krill predators or other components of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
Due to the commercial fishery substantially reducing abundant krill predators such as marbled rockcod(Notothenia rossii) and mackerel icefish, the importance of demersal fish as predators of krill has been substantially reduced in the last three decades.
Phase two of the experiment is potentially a complete FBM approach which modifies catch limits in response to information about the krill stock anduses information about krill predators to assess and control impacts.
The changes in the depth that krill are fished show a similar pattern to the changes in the diving behaviour for krill predators such as penguins and seals, and so can actually provide some very useful insights into ecosystem dynamics throughout the year.
Candidate decision rules would be evaluated with simulation models, empirical analyses of time-series observations, and/or other methods,depending on the complexity in understanding the relative effects of the rule on krill, predators and the fishery.
Discussions between the two organisations as long ago as 1987 had highlighted the importance of baleen whales in particular as krill predators and as an important component in CCAMLR's needs to account for ecosystem interactions in its management approach.
The paper suggested that at the area scale the trigger level is appropriate for achieving the Commission's Article II objectives for the krill stock, but recalled that neither the trigger level northe subarea catch limits are intended to manage localised fishery impacts on krill predators.
It noted that data layers on the historicaldistribution of krill catch, acoustic krill densities from the BROKE-West survey, and krill predators, including crabeater seals(Lobodon carcinophagus), penguins, flying seabirds and baleen whales, had been assembled for input into the risk assessment.
The Working Group noted that the detection of predators in the acoustic data used to estimate krill biomass may potentially provide a means to study the relationship between at-sea density of krill predators and the abundance and distribution of krill. .
SC-CAMLR and the IWC SC agreed to hold a joint workshop to review input data required for ecosystem models being developed to provide management andconservation advice on krill and krill predators in the Antarctic marine ecosystem SC-CAMLR, 2005, paragraphs 13.44 to 13.53; IWC, 2006.
Plan for pelagic ecological research within the US AMLR Program 6.7 WG-EMM-17/04 presented an update on the proposal to revise at-sea research within the US AMLR Program to better address questions necessary for understanding the consequences of overlap among krill, predators and the krill fishery.