Примеры использования Massless на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Massless particles have zero rest mass.
According to the standard model, neutrinos are massless particles.
A goldstone boson is a massless excitation of a field that has been spontaneously broken.
The infrared divergence only appears in theories with massless particles such as photons.
Why does this"massless elementary particle", as it is called in modern physics, have no electric charge?
Certain very small black holes known as"extremal" black holes become massless at critical moments.
As a case in point, the photon is massless because electromagnetism is described by a U(1) gauge theory.
For this to be so, the mass term in γmc must be zero,meaning that photons are massless particles.
Morphisms in the categories are given by the massless spectrum of open strings stretching between two branes.
The initial muon beam polarization is predicted to be Pμ -1 within the Standard Model(SM) with massless neutrinos.
Consider quantum chromodynamics(QCD) with two massless quarks u and d massive fermions do not exhibit chiral symmetry.
These particles are accurately described by an SU(2) gauge theory, butthe bosons in a gauge theory must be massless.
Photonic molecules are formed when individual(massless) photons"interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass.
The possibility of the formation of spatially inhomogeneous pion condensate in both massive and massless cases is considered.
One consequence is that c is the speed at which all massless particles and waves, including light, must travel in vacuum.
The Yukawa interaction is also used in the Standard Model to describe the coupling between the Higgs field and massless quark and lepton fields i.e..
Bose recognized that the statistics of massless photons could also be applied to massive particles; he did not contribute to the theory of the condensation of bosons.
This VEV couples to three of the electroweak gauge bosons(the Ws and Z), giving them mass;the remaining gauge boson remains massless the photon.
The fact that the W andZ bosons have mass while photons are massless was a major obstacle in developing electroweak theory.
For technical reasons involving gauge invariance,gauge bosons are described mathematically by field equations for massless particles.
Therefore, at a naïve theoretical level, all gauge bosons are required to be massless, and the forces that they describe are required to be long-ranged.
Vector gauge theories with massless Dirac fermion fields ψ exhibit chiral symmetry, i.e., rotating the left-handed and the right-handed components independently makes no difference to the theory.
The resolution to this false paradox is that the chirality operator is equivalent to helicity for massless fields only, for which helicity is not frame-dependent.
While massive spin-1 particles have three polarization states, massless gauge bosons like the gluon have only two polarization states because gauge invariance requires the polarization to be transverse.
Later, in 1995,Moffat noted that the field corresponding with the antisymmetric part need not be massless, like the electromagnetic(or gravitational) fields.
We obtain the perturbative expression for the Green function of the massless scalar field in a curved background being the tensor product of(d- 2)-dimensional Minkowski space-time and two-dimensional conical space.
Furthermore, for D 4, the coupling is dimensionless and both the field andthe square of the coupling have the same dimensions of the field and the coupling of a massless quartic scalar field theory.
This embedding is connected with the fact that one can get the Schrödinger equation from the massless Klein-Gordon equation through Kaluza-Klein compactification along null-like dimensions and Bargmann lift of Newton-Cartan theory.
For massless particles- photons, gluons, and(hypothetical) gravitons- chirality is the same as helicity;a given massless particle appears to spin in the same direction along its axis of motion regardless of point of view of the observer.
Most usually, N 3 is taken, the u, d, and s quarks taken to be light(the Eightfold way(physics)),so then approximately massless for the symmetry to be meaningful to a lowest order, while the other three quarks are sufficiently heavy to barely have a residual chiral symmetry be visible for practical purposes.