Примеры использования Toulmin на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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At the age of twenty-four, Toulmin married Jane Smith.
For Toulmin, the term"field" designates discourses within which arguments and factual claims are grounded.
To develop his contention, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields.
Toulmin proposes an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution.
Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning.
Toulmin has argued that absolutism(represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value.
By reviving casuistry(also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.
Toulmin believes that a good argument can succeed in providing good justification to a claim, which will stand up to criticism and earn a favourable verdict.
Thus, their secrecy intensified, encouraged by advice from their patent attorney,Henry Toulmin, not to reveal details of their machine.
In 1967, Toulmin served as literary executor for close friend N.R. Hanson, helping in the posthumous publication of several volumes.
In early 1904,they hired Ohio patent attorney Henry Toulmin, and on May 22, 1906, they were granted U.S. Patent 821,393 for a"Flying Machine.
In 1960, Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation.
The diagram contained six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and was considered Toulmin's most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric, communication, and computer science.
In 1972, Toulmin published Human Understanding, in which he asserts that conceptual change is an evolutionary process.
The potential for adapting these techniques and integrating them into introduced methods may be substantial, as can be seen from work in soil fertility management(Defoer et al., 1999) andfarmer field schools Scoones and Toulmin, 1999.
Throughout many of his works, Toulmin pointed out that absolutism(represented by theoretical or analytic arguments) has limited practical value.
Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas-an act achievable through the process of justification.
In order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.
Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb.
By then it had become a valuable commodity and was sold to local businessman and fellow teetotaller, Councillor George Toulmin JP(father of the journalist, newspaper proprietor andLiberal Party politician George Toulmin(1857-1923)), who owned the paper until 1883.
Stephen Toulmin was born in London, UK, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin.
In contrast to Kuhn's revolutionary model, Toulmin proposed an evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution.
When Toulmin first proposed it, this layout of argumentation was based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom.
While at the University of California,Santa Cruz, Toulmin published Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts(1972), which examines the causes and the processes of conceptual change.
Although it was poorly received in England and satirized as"Toulmin's anti-logic book" by Toulmin's fellow philosophers at Leeds, the book was applauded by the rhetoriciansin the United States, where Toulmin served as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford, and Columbia Universities in 1959.
By contrast, Toulmin contends that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered by human beings in daily life.
The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.
In The Uses of Argument(1958), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments: Claim(Conclusion) A conclusion whose merit must be established.
While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination of the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin's own work.