Приклади вживання Champa Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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Champa Cambodia Annam.
What is less known however, is their campaigns against Dai Viet and Champa.
In 1377, Champa invaded southern Dai Viet.
Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mang enacted the final conquest of the Champa Kingdom in the series of Cham- Vietnamese wars.
Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.
Built in 1177, during the reign of JayavarmanVII on the ruins of war to the former capital of the Champa- Yaśodharapura.
Kublai botched his campaigns against Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a Pyrrhic victory against Burma.
On July 7, 1503, he wrote from Jamaica:“I reached the land of Cariay… Here Ireceived news of the gold mines of Ciamba[Champa] which I was seeking”.[28].
Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.
Nonetheless, Majapahit became a significant power in the region,maintaining regular relations with China, Champa, Cambodia, Annam, and Siam(Thailand).
History of the Cham- Vietnamese wars Champa Chey Chettha II Khmer Empire Cambodian- Vietnamese War of the 1970s and 1980s.
In the year 1220, under mounting pressure from increasingly powerful Đại Việt, and its Cham alliance,the Khmer withdrew from many of the provinces previously conquered from Champa.
It is interpreted to have been a reaction to Champa asking China for reinforcements to attack Vietnam.[7].
Angkor also used an ancient way of this Combat Sport with many other weapons andalso War Elephants to check out war against Champa from Cambodia and Siam from Thailand.
In 1389, having strengthened the army and repulsed the Champa attack, he began implementing reforms, including land re-form(1397).
One of the most impressive and efficient innovations was deliberate, methodical and well-organised introduction andspreading of new varieties of fast-ripening rice from southern Vietnam(Champa).
The Cham king Rudravarman III was defeated and captured andoffered Champa's three northern provinces to Vietnam(present-day Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị provinces).[2]: 62,186[3].
He then sailed to the mouth of the Ganges, visited Sonargaon and Chittagong(in modern Bangladesh) and then went overland to Arakan(now Rakhine State, Burma).[6] After traveling through Burma, he left for Java where he spent nine months,before going to Champa(in modern Vietnam).
This association is echoed in Nanfang Cao Mu Zhuang by Ji Han(c. 304 CE)who also describes its importance in Champa culture, specifically in the way Cham hosts traditionally offer it to guests.
Records suggest that there was an attack on the Champa kingdom and its capital, Vijaya, from Vietnam in 1069(under the reign of Lý Nhân Tông) to punish Champa for armed raiding in Vietnam.
Other NBPW sites, associated with the mahajanapadas, are Charsada(ancient Pushkalavati) and Taxila, in Pakistan; Delhi or ancient Indraprastha; Hastinapura, Mathura, Kampil/Kampilya, Ahichatra, Ayodhya, Sravasti, Kausambi, Varanasi all in Uttar Pradesh; Vaishali, Rajgir,Pataliputra, and Champa in Bihar; and Ujjain and Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh.[5].
Betel chewing entered China through trade with Champa, borrowing the Proto-Malayo-Chamic name*pinaŋ resulting in Chinese bin lang for"areca nut", with the meaning of"honored guest", reflecting Chamic traditions.
After the return of Marco Polo in 1295, there is no record of Italian traders returning from China until the return of de' Conti by sea in 1439.[3] However, we do have the account of the travels of a Franciscan friar by the name of Odoricus Mattiuzzi(1286-1331) from Friuli who in 1310 visited Armenia, Mesopotamia, Persia, Ceylon(Sri Lanka), Sumatra, Java,Cambodia, Champa and China.[4].
The Cham Muslim leader Katip Suma was educated in Kelantan and came back to Champa to declare a Jihad against the Vietnamese after Emperor Minh Mang's annexation of Champa.[ 13][ 14][ 15][ 16] The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.[17].
The frontispiece of the first edition[was] pirated[from] the engraving from(of all things) a work celebrating the campaigns of a Spanish general and printed… up as the Dutch hero" by his publisher Joost Gillis Saeghman.[6] The map published in thisbook, Exacta& accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan& Pegu, was prepared by Petrus Plancius.[7].
Major Champa- Vietnam wars were fought again in the 15th century during the Lê dynasty, which eventually led to the defeat of Vijaya and the demise of Champa in 1471.[5] The citadel of Vijaya was besieged for one month in 1403 when the Vietnamese troops had to withdraw because of a shortage of food.[6] The final attack came in early 1471 after almost 70 years without major military confrontation between Champa and Vietnam.