Приклади вживання The security dilemma Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
{-}
-
Colloquial
-
Ecclesiastic
-
Computer
How to Solve The Security Dilemma for Ukraine?
This is another one of the ancient principles of international relations,called“the security dilemma”.
The security dilemma is the core assumption of defensive realism.
The security dilemma has important relationships with other theories and doctrines of international security. .
In international relations, the cult of offensive is related to the security dilemma and offensive realism theories.
States are distrustful of other states' intentions and as a consequence always try to maximize their own security, which results in the situation of the security dilemma.
Where offensive and defensive behavior are not distinguishable butdefense has an advantage, the security dilemma is"intense" in explaining states' behaviour but not as intense as in the first case.
Offense-defense theory of defensive realism is a potentialtheory to explain the level of threat arising from the security dilemma.
Indeed, Robert Jervis states that when the security dilemma is tipped in defense's favour"international anarchy[is] relatively unimportant"[16] as"status-quo states can make themselves more secure without gravely endangering others".[16].
In other words,defensive realism contends that security can be balanced in some cases and that the security dilemma is escapable.
When offensive and defensive behaviour are not distinguishable butoffense has an advantage, the security dilemma is"very intense" and environment is"doubly dangerous".[12] Status quo states will behave in an aggressive manner and there will arise the possibility of an arms race.
In short, since states want to maximize their power in this anarchic system andsince states cannot trust one another, the security dilemma is inescapable.
Snyder rejects Mearsheimer's view of the security dilemma as"a synoptic statement of offensive realism".[51][52] He argues that offensive neorealism's positing of all states as revisionists removes the central proposition- uncertainty about other states' intentions- on which the whole concept of security dilemma is grounded.
It allows the possibility of overcoming, or at least reducing,the impact of one of the prominent theories of neorealism: the security dilemma or spiral model.
Along with geography and the security dilemma, defensive neorealists believe these perceptions are a structural modifier, an anomaly that upsets the balance of power, rather than evidence of the fundamental offensive neorealist assumption that the anarchical structure of the international system encourages security through the increase of relative state power.
Chances of cooperation between states are low.[13] Where offensive and defensive behavior are not distinguishable butdefense has an advantage, the security dilemma is"intense" in explaining states' behaviour but not as intense as in the first case.
Had the United States taken an offensive stance, defensive realists argue that the United States would not have been secure.[6] The conclusion from defensive realismis that in some circumstances states can escape the security dilemma.
The security dilemma, also referred to as the spiral model, is a term used in international relations and refers to a situation in which actions by a state intended to heighten its security, such as increasing its military strength or making alliances, can lead other states to respond with similar measures, producing increased tensions that create conflict, even when no side really desires it.[1].
Ikenberry notes that while the United States could have unilaterally engaged in unfettered power projection, it decided instead to“lock in” its advantage by establishing an enduring institutional order, gave weaker countries a voice,reduced great power uncertainly, and mitigated the security dilemma.
Realists also theorise that the balance of power leads to the‘security dilemma'.[24] The security dilemma is the scenario in which one state increases its power in order to defend themselves and create security, but this prompts other states to increase their power leading to a spiralling effect where both sides are drawn into continually increasing their defence capabilities despite not desiring conflict.
States are distrustful of other states' intentions and as a consequence always try to maximize their own security, which results in the situation of the security dilemma.[4] Offense-defense theory of defensive realism is a potentialtheory to explain the level of threat arising from the security dilemma.[5] Defensive realists often regardthe success of the United States in World War I as being a result of the defensive approach taken by the United States.
In such situation, a state might be able to increase its security without being a threat to other states and without endangering the security of other states.[14] Where offensive and defensive behavior are distinguishable butoffense has an advantage, the security dilemma is"not intense" but security issues exist.
This view is summarised concisely by Stephen Walt:"If states cannot measure the offense-defense balance or distinguish between offensive and defensive capabilities,then security-seeking states cannot escape the security dilemma and cannot signal their peaceful intention in a convincing manner."[20] Assuming the proposed dearth of clear signalling between states is as prevalent as defensive realism's critics would suggest, this clearly then, contests defensive realism's validity.
Classical Realists often place a focus on the inevitability of this process due to the focus on a pessimistic understanding of human nature as egotistic leading states to constantly desire power.[25]This contrasts neo-realists who emphasise that the security dilemma is not inevitable but instead often a self-fulfilling prophecy.[26].
Coined by John H. Herz in his 1951 work Political Realism and Political Idealism,defensive neorealists believe the security dilemma, as expanded by Robert Jervis in"Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma" in 1978, is defined by the assumption that the offense-defense balance tends to favour defensive capability over offensive capability.[14] The outbreak of World War I and its subsequent hostilities is commonly used as an example in which states erroneously believed offensive capabilities to be superior to those of defense.
On the other hand, Mearsheimer and other offensive realists argue that Anarchy encourages all states to always increase their own power because one state can never be sure of other states' intentions.[11] In other words,defensive realism contends that security can be balanced in some cases and that the security dilemma is escapable.