Приклади вживання Viral vectors Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy.
Viral vectors are tailored to their specific applications but generally share a few key properties.
There are a limited number of viral vectors available for therapeutic use.
Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells.
There have alreadybeen clinical trials of gene therapy with viral vectors, with mixed success.
Cell type specificity: Most viral vectors are engineered to infect as wide a range of cell types as possible.
These features makeAAV a particularly attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy.
Protein coding genes can be expressed using viral vectors, commonly to study the function of the particular protein.
Viral vectors were originally developed as an alternative to transfection of naked DNA for molecular genetics experiments.
In addition to their use in molecular biology research, viral vectors are used for gene therapy and the development of vaccines.
Identification: Viral vectors are often given certain genes that help identify which cells took up the viral genes.
Common nano-carriers for pharmaceuticals are nano-emulsions, liposomes, cyclodextrin complexes, polymeric nanoparticles,inorganic nanoparticles and viral vectors.
Viral vectors based on tobacco mosaic virus include those of the magnICON® and TRBO plant expression technologies.[20].
Moreover, AAV mostly stays as episomal(replicating without incorporation into the chromosome); performing long and stable expression.[17]These features make AAV a very attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy.[2] However, AAV can only bring up to 5kb which is considerably small compared to AAV's original capacity.[18].
Viral vectors are a real embodiment of nanorobots(albeit with some significant drawbacks, such as their virulence and immune response to them).
Conversely, replication-competent viral vectors contain all necessary genes for virion synthesis, and continue to propagate themselves once infection occurs.
Viral vectors, especially retroviruses, stably expressing marker genes such as GFP are widely used to permanently label cells to track them and their progeny, for example in xenotransplantation experiments, when cells infected in vitro are implanted into a host animal.
Safety: Although viral vectors are occasionally created from pathogenic viruses, they are modified in such a way as to minimize the risk of handling them.
Some viral vectors, for instance gamma-retroviruses, insert their genomes at a seemingly random location on one of the host chromosomes, which can disturb the function of cellular genes and lead to cancer.
Adenoviral vectors can be useful for viral transfection methods because they can transfer genes into a wide variety of human cells and have high transfer rates.[1] Lentiviral and vectors are also helpful due to their ability to transduce cells not currently undergoing mitosis.
Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices.[20][21] Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) is the first virus to be discovered.
Low toxicity: The viral vector should have a minimal effect on the physiology of the cell it infects.
This is detrimental to predictability andreproducibility of the work conducted using a viral vector and is avoided in their design.
Depending on the viral vector, the typical maximum length of an allowable DNA insert in a replication-defective viral vector is usually about 8- 10 kB.[9] While this limits the introduction of many genomic sequences, most cDNA sequences can still be accommodated.
The cells can then be isolated easily, as those that have not taken up the viral vector genes do not have antibiotic resistance, and so cannot grow in a culture with the relevant antibiotic present.
The choice of a viral vector to deliver genetic material to cells comes with some logistical problems.
Use of a viral vector, promoting an infection as a means to introduce new genetic material into cells, has been proposed as a technique for genetic diseases in general.
Most gene therapyapproaches that are studied use some sort of viral vector, those that don't are more the exception and it is unclear how several of those methods would be applied clinically.
Because the viral genome for these vectors is much lengthier, the length of the actual inserted gene of interest is limited compared to the possible length of the insert for replication-defective vectors. .
And vector and chimera vaccine technologies that use viral DNA to trigger an immune response.