Примери за използване на Mutagenesis techniques на Английски и техните преводи на Български
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The Applicants are of the opinion that mutagenesis techniques have evolved over time.
That caveat was considered to sufficiently take into account the emergence of new mutagenesis techniques.
The Austrian Government suggests that all mutagenesis techniques that were traditionally used when the GMO Directive was adopted are exempt.
It carried out an evaluation, andon the basis of that evaluation came to the conclusion that all the mutagenesis techniques are to be excluded because they are safe.
As regards, in particular, the mutations obtained by the new directed mutagenesis techniques, the direct modification of the genome that they involve would result in the same effects as the introduction of a foreign gene, specific to transgenesis.
Thus, on the textual level alone, it is already quite clear that it is incorrect to state that under the GMO Directive,there would be a straightforward and unqualified exemption for any and all mutagenesis techniques. .
However, no variety of herbicide resistant seed resulting from the directed mutagenesis techniques has yet been included in the common catalogue.
The Applicants and several other interested parties have, to a great extent,relied on recital 17 to reach the conclusion that the EU legislature only intended to exempt safe mutagenesis techniques.
In its order for reference, the national court distinguishes between mutagenesis techniques depending on whether they predate or postdate the adoption of the GMO Directive.
At the hearing, the Commission stated that recital 17 was a mere statement,while the Council confirmed that the EU legislature had no intention to regulate mutagenesis techniques, irrespective of their safety.
That the GMO Directive should not apply to crops obtained by means of certain mutagenesis techniques, namely those which have conventionally been used in a number of applications and have a long safety record.
For the postdating techniques, the referring court notes that, since the adoption of the directive,new herbicide resistant varieties have been obtained as a result of the in vitro random mutagenesis techniques and of directed mutagenesis techniques. .
However the GMO Directive…. does not apply to organisms obtained by means of certain mutagenesis techniques, namely those which have conventionally been used in a number of applications and have a long safety record.
In particular, may mutagenesis techniques, in particular new directed mutagenesis techniques implementing genetic engineering processes, be regarded as techniques listed in Annex I A, to which Article 2 refers?
The Applicants, the French andNetherlands Governments and, in a way also the Swedish Government essentially argue that mutagenesis techniques should be distinguished according to their degree of safety.
Subsequently, technical progress has led to the emergence of mutagenesis techniques that can be carried out by different means(in vitro random mutagenesis and directed mutagenesis- referred to as‘the new mutagenesis techniques').
First, as already explained, there is no clear textual orhistorical support in the wording of the GMO Directive for the proposition that the mutagenesis exemption was introduced specifically because the EU legislature came to a firm conclusion that all the mutagenesis techniques were safe.
The applicants in the main proceedings submitted before the referring court, inter alia, that mutagenesis techniques have evolved and now make it possible to produce, as with transgenesis techniques, herbicide-resistant varieties.
Within such a context, it is difficult to maintain that apart from those clear distinctions,the EU legislature also intended to add a new layer of complexity to the entire structure by providing for further implicit distinction between the different mutagenesis techniques based on a legislatively non-stated criterion of safety.
Before the adoption of the GMO Directive in 2001, only conventional mutagenesis techniques and in vivo random techniques that involve ionising radiations or exposing plants to chemical agents were used as a matter of routine.
Third, at the hearing, the Council confirmed that as far as it could be ascertained in view of the sporadic written documentation available from that period, the Council(the body in the legislative process that actually inserted the mutagenesis exemption into the text(37))had no intention of stating that all mutagenesis techniques were safe.
Therefore, only those mutagenesis techniques that were used as a matter of routine at the time of the adoption of the GMO Directive fall under the mutagenesis exemption, namely, in vivo random mutagenesis, as opposed to any other techniques, whether it is random in vitro or, a fortiori, directed mutagenesis. .
Next, the referring court asks whether Article 3(1) of Directive 2001/18, read in conjunction with point 1 of Annex I B to the directive and in the light of recital 17 thereof,must be interpreted as meaning that such organisms are excluded from the scope of that directive only if they have been obtained through mutagenesis techniques which have conventionally been used in a number of applications and have a long safety record.
Thus, in view of the appearance of new plant varieties obtained by new mutagenesis techniques, and the fact that it is impossible to determine with certainty the existence and the extent of the ensuing risks, the validity of the GMO Directive could be called into question on the basis of the precautionary principle- in so far as the likelihood of actual harm continues to exist if the risks mentioned materialise.
By contrast, since the adoption of Directive 2001/18, new varieties, in particular those resistant to herbicides,have been obtained through random mutagenesis techniques applied in vitro to plant cells and through directed mutagenesis techniques/methods applying new genetic engineering techniques, such as oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis or directed nuclease mutagenesis. .
Accordingly, it follows that mutagenesis techniques that meet the criteria laid down in Article 2(2) are exempt from the obligations of the GMO Directive provided thatthey do not involve the use of recombinant nucleic acid molecules or GMOs other than those produced by mutagenesis or cell fusion of plant cells of organisms, which can exchange genetic material through traditional breeding methods.
Moreover, the mutations obtained by the new techniques of directed mutagenesis are similar to spontaneous or randomly introduced mutations and unintentional mutations can be eliminated in the varietal selection by crossing techniques.
Also, they argued the new techniques of directed mutagenesis are similar to spontaneous or randomly introduced mutations and unintentional mutations can be eliminated by crossing techniques.
Techniques of mutagenesis have evolved over time as the result of scientific progress in biotechnology.