Примери за използване на Value of the commodity на Английски и техните преводи на Български
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Marx defined the value of the commodity by the third definition.
In the first case it is not only the cost-price of the commodity which rises from £500 to 600c+ 100v= £700,but also the value of the commodity which rises from £600 to 600c+ 100v+ 100s= £800.
It exists as a component of the value of the commodity only because it previously existed as an element of the invested capital.
This relation, however, may express both the magnitude of the value of the commodity and the greater or lesser quantity of money for which it can be sold under the given circumstances.
Hence, if a commodity is sold at its value, a profit is realized, which is equal to the excess of its value over its cost-price, orequal to the entire surplus-value incorporated in the value of the commodity.
Wages are here first set equal to the value of the commodity, and then divorced from it again.
However, that the value of the commodity is not paid for- and only by this means does it become surplus-value- is quite irrelevant for the materialisation of labour, the value itself.
Surplus value is an excess of value of the commodity over its cost price.
For them, the value of the commodity, after subtracting the value of the means of production consumed by it, is not given= 100, this 100 then being divided into x, y and z.
During evaluation, we apply the principle- The value of the commodity is its replacement value;
That portion of the value of the commodity which consists of surplus-value does not cost the capitalist anything for the reason that it costs the laborer unpaid labor.
And namely, the various component values of the commodity acquire independent forms as revenues, andas such revenues they are related back to the particular material elements of production as their sources of origin instead of to the value of the commodity as their source.
This relation, however, may express both the magnitude of the value of the commodity and the greater or lesser quantity of money for which it can be sold under the given circumstances.
But does not this only prove that the consumed portions of the fixed and circulating capital pass uniformly, pro rata to the magnitude of their values, into the cost-price of the commodity and that this component of the value of the commodity originates solely with the capital expended in its production?
When the price of production is paid, or even the value of the commodity, the component values of the commodity which appear to the seller in the form of revenue are naturally also paid.
In this case he would have sold the commodity at its value, since in fact the additions to the price represent increases that are independent of the value of the commodity, which under the assumption made above is determined by the value of wages.
This part of the value of the commodity, which replaces the price of the means of production consumed and the labour-power employed, simply replaces what the commodity cost the capitalist himself and is therefore the cost price of the commodity, as far as he is concerned.”.
Back of this still lurks the idea that the profit, or surplus-value in general,is an excess above the value of the commodity, which can only be made by an extra charge, mutual cheating, or gain through selling.
This portion of the value of the commodity, which makes good the price of the consumed means of production and the price of the employed labor-power, replaces only the amount paid by the capitalist himself for this commodity and represents, therefore, from his point of view the cost price of this commodity. .
Before the production process we had a capital valued at £1,680, namely £1,200 of fixed capital investedin means of production, only £20 of which go into the value of the commodity for wear and tear, plus £480 of circulating capital in materials of production and wages.
In fact, however, this amounts to saying in a roundabout and meaningless way that the value of the commodity is determined by the quantity of labour contained in it, whereas the value of wages is determined by the price of the necessary means of subsistence, and the excess of value above the wage forms profit and rent.
Therefore a change in the value of the absolute magnitude of the variable capital, to the extent that it expresses merely a change in the price of labor-power,does not alter the absolute magnitude of the value of the commodity in the least, because it does not alter anything in the absolute magnitude of the new value created by living labor.
But his labour does not receive a double representation: it is not represented in both the value of the commodity and in an excess quantity over and above that value, it is not represented in a price of 10 which is simultaneously a price of 11, i.e. a value which is greater than itself.
In the case of establishing a defective product in 24-hours' time as of its reception and if the commercial appearance of the commodity and the package was not violated, the Salesperson undertakes to replace it with a new one, according to the warranty terms andconditions of the particular company-producer or recover the value of the commodity paid by the client, according to article 55 of the Consumers Protection Act, as of the date on which the client exercised its refusal right.
But rather, the price of the commodity simply consists of the value of wages, the value of profit and the value of rent,which magnitudes are determined independently of the value of the commodity and of each other, so that x, y and z are each given and determined independently, and only from the sum of these magnitudes, which the may be smaller or larger than 100, is the magnitude of value of the commodity itself obtained by adding these component values together.
He shows that the value of the commodities remains the same no matter what may be the proportion of these two parts, a law which he holds has but few exceptions.
But the value of the labor power includes the value of the commodities necessary for the reproduction of the worker, or for the keeping up of the working class.