Eksempler på brug af Dermal absorption på Engelsk og deres oversættelser til Dansk
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The dermal absorption has been studied.
This value is therefore used in the calculations with dermal absorption.
Odermal represents the dermal absorption(in percentage) of the specific metal.
The uptake of the substance through the skin is fast indicating a readily dermal absorption IPCS 1995.
The dermal absorption of the substances is generally estimated due to lacking data.
Based on the above mentioned information a dermal absorption rate of lead(in sweat) of 0.06% is used in this project.
In the ECB(2004), Risk Assessment Report draft is used 61% for absorption via inhalation and 30% dermal absorption.
Based on this information the dermal absorption of copper in this project is assumed to be 0.3.
Dermal absorption of inorganic lead compounds is generally assumed to be lower than absorption via inhalation or food.
A study(Wester et al., 1992)investigated dermal absorption of cadmium by using in vitro skin cells from humans.
It is assumed that it is released in the close area around the person(1 m³), and that half of it is absorbed via inhalation or dermal absorption.
Finally, the two results(Uder) are added to give a total dermal absorption by wearing the specific jewellery.
Furthermore, an absorption factor of 100% is used as it is assumed that the listed NOAEL for dermal exposure considers the dermal absorption.
However, the rate and scope of the dermal absorption in these cases are not known and therefore the dermal absorption rate of 0.3% is maintained.
However, concludes that for use in risk assessments a value of2% should be applied, related to dermal absorption of nickel following exposure of nickel chloride.
This study describes the highest measured value for dermal absorption through human skin(sofar identified in this project) and is therefore chosen as valid for dermal absorption of cadmium in this project.
According to the risk assessment(Cross et al., 2006), two non-published studies by Roper(2003) and Cage(2003)give the best data regarding dermal absorption of copper in humans.
A study described in EU's risk assessment of cadmium from 2007 shows a dermal absorption of cadmium through human skin of 0.6% absorption into plasma.
The values for the hemotoxic effect at repeated exposure is in(EU risk assessment, aniline, 2004)used for calculating a safety factor of 107 at dermal absorption of 7 mg/kg/day.
For use in this project a value of 2% is applied in terms of dermal absorption of nickel chloride, since this metal compound exists in sweat that is in contact with jewellery.
They state that limited data is available regarding exactly which fraction that is absorbed, butapply a value of 0.2% regarding dermal absorption of nickel for use in risk assessments.
According to the risk assessment there is no evidence for dermal absorption of copper being larger for soluble compounds than for insoluble compounds. Thus, they recommend using the value of 0.3% for both types of compounds.
If no other information is found a dermal absorption of 100% and a dermal absorption of 10% for substances with a molar weight larger than 500 g/mole which at the same time has a log KOW less than -1 or larger than 4(as stated in TGD) are used as standard.
Example of a calculation of absorption through dermal exposure Below the exposure- and risk calculation for cadmium exposure from jewellery no.
Example of a calculation of absorption through dermal exposure.