Eksempler på brug af Nominal and real på Engelsk og deres oversættelser til Dansk
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The difference between nominal and real variables.
The nominal and real effective exchange rates of the euro», April 2000.
We should not confuse nominal and real convergence.
Interest rates in the euro area are now at record low levels by historical standards, both in nominal and real terms.
This evaluation should take into account, inter alia, nominal and real convergence in the euro area and beyond.
The current level of interest rates across the entire maturity spectrum remains low by historical standards, both in nominal and real terms.
Euro effective exchange rate( nominal and real)-- from 1993;
The nominal and real effective exchange rates, to which the Report refers, are based on series calculated by the European Commission.
The ECB also compiles effective exchange rate indices for the euro, in nominal and real terms, using various deflators.
The difference between figures for the nominal and real exchange rates is the movement in exchange rates which would be necessary to maintain competitiveness in that year.
Their effects on competitiveness is difficult to assess because of the divergence between nominal and real exchange rates.
For information purposes, reference is also made in this Report to nominal and real effective exchange rates on the basis of series calculated by the BIS.
Nominal and real effective exchange rates are constructed by applying overall trade weights( based on a geometric weighting) to the bilateral nominal and real exchange rates of the Member States» currencies against the currencies of selected trading partners.
They are certainly not mutually exclusive, as Mr Walter has said in his report, butwe believe it will be nominal and real convergence which will support the European Union's competitiveness with the new Asian Tigers, Japan and the US.
The rate of inflation, inflationary expectations and general financial confidence, and the external position both on current and capital accounts are now favourable and point to the likelihood of a decline in nominal and real rates in the period ahead.
In this context, though, the distinction between nominal and real does not really matter, because changes in nominal rates are usually equivalent to changes in real rates for periods up to about a year.
As the acceding countries differ greatly in their economic structure, exchange rate and monetary regimes,and the degree of nominal and real convergence already achieved, no single path towards ERM IIand the adoption of the euro can be identified and recommended.
Formal statistical tests of the link between nominal and real exchange rates for the Community countries between 1980 and 1989 were reported in the Commission's One market, one money, and showed that nominal and real changes did not move together for more than four to six quarters.
Tables on nominal and real adjustment(Tables 7.1 and 7.2) are based on data for current balances taken from Eurostat for EC countries(except for 1983 forecasts, which are made by the EC Commission) and from the IMF('World Economic Outlook') and the OECD('Economic Outlook') for other groups of countries.
Moreover, the link between nominal and real changes is likely to be less strong for the Community countries precisely because they import so much,and the effect of import price rises on domestic inflation is therefore greater than it would be for larger and more self-reliant economies such as the United States or Japan.
Against the EER-42 group, both the nominal and the real EER, based on consumer price indices only, are computed monthly.
This is because the 15% increase is nominal and not real, granted that average yearly inflation in the Community during those years was approximately 2.
By sustaining nominal and not real convergence, it has been to the detriment of growth, employment and living standards, and to the benefit of the large European multinationals and financial groups.