Examples of using Cell surface in English and their translations into Arabic
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Computer
Textured cell surface for especially high current yields.
It binds to protein receptors on the cell surface to interact.
Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions.
This adhesion occurs via various receptors on the cell surface.
The cell surface should be soft, preferably made of straw, hay, and dry thyrsa.
Haydong Dong, MD, cancer immunology,has long been studying cell surface protein.
EGFR is expressed on the cell surface of normal cells and cancer cells. .
Helicobacter pylori electron micrograph, showing multiple flagella on the cell surface.
Advanced glass and cell surface textured design ensure excellent performance in low-light environment.
Many chemicals, including drugs and toxins, bind to the cell surface before they are taken into the cytoplasm.
The gene is responsible for producing the Kx protein,a secondary supportive protein for the Kell antigen on the red blood cell surface.
HLA antigens are glycoproteins on the cell surface of most nucleated human cells.
A pemphigus diagnosis is based on consistent clinical, histological,and direct immunofluorescence findings where autoantibodies are against cell surface antigens.
And the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface that fits like a lock and key with that molecule.
The use of hormone therapy to treat cancer is based on the observation that cancer cell growth can partiallydepend on hormone binding to receptors on the cancer cell surface.
Autoantibodies against a variety of epithelial cell surface antigens have been identified in patients with pemphigus.
According to Lucas Tamayo-Orrego(Lukas Tamayo-Orrego), a graduate student in the laboratory of Dr. Sharron and one of the co-authors of the study, the team studied a protein Bok(Mtd),which is a receptor located on the cell surface and to identify Sonic Hedgehog.
Mast cells express a cell surface receptor,"c-kit"(CD117), which is the receptor for stem cell factor("scf").
This leads to a relatively mildphenotype as receptors are still present on the cell surface(but all must be newly synthesised).
Knowledge of the subcellular localization of a protein can significantly improve target identification during the drug discovery process. For example, secreted proteins and plasma membrane proteins are easily accessible by drugmolecules due to their localization in the extracellular space or on the cell surface.
Amlodipine is a calcium channelblocker, meaning that it blocks particular channels on the cell surface, called calcium channels, which normally allow calcium ions to enter cells. .
Bacterial cell surface and secreted proteins are also of interest for their potential as vaccine candidates or as diagnostic targets. Aberrant subcellular localization of proteins has been observed in the cells of several diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Secreted proteins from some archaea that can survive in unusual environments have industrially important applications.
The intraepidermal blistering observed in pemphigus occurs due to an immuneresponse that results in the deposition of autoantibodies against epidermal cell surface antigens within the epithelium of mucous membranes or skin.
Newly synthesized viral proteinsare either secreted through the Golgi apparatus onto the cell surface(in the case of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, step 5b) or transported back into the nucleus to bind vRNA and form new viral genome particles(step 5a).
A genome-wide association study of more than 100,000 human individuals identified variants of the gene KLB, which encodes the transmembrane protein β-Klotho, as highly associated with alcohol consumption.The protein β-Klotho is an essential element in cell surface receptors for hormones involved in modulation of appetites for simple sugars and alcohol.[90].
Lipid A(and LPS) has been demonstrated to activate cells via Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),MD-2 and CD14 on the cell surface.[9][10][11] Consequently, lipid A analogs like eritoran can act as TLR4 antagonists. They are being developed as drugs for the treatment of excessive inflammatory responses to infections with gram-negative bacteria.[12].
From a mechanistic perspective, the FR functions to concentrate exogenous ligands(e.g. folates and folate-drug conjugates) into the cell cytosol by endocytosis.[1] The term endocytosis refers to the process whereby the plasma membrane invaginates and eventually forms a distinct intracellular compartment. The endocytic vesicles(endosomes) rapidly become acidified to allow the FR to release its ligand.[13] Afterwards,the empty FR returns to the cell surface where it can participate in another round of ligand-mediated endocytosis.
This CD3/CD28 signaling parallels insulin signaling,as both lead to higher expression of glucose transporter 1(Glut-1) on the cell surface via the activation of Akt kinase. CD28 signal transduction not only leads to higher glucose uptake but also to an increased rate of glycolysis.
T-tubules are microscopic tubes that run from the cell surface to deep within the cell. They are continuous with the cell membrane, are composed of the same phospholipid bilayer, and are open at the cell surface to the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cell. T-tubules in cardiac muscle are bigger and wider than those in skeletal muscle, but fewer in number.[1] In the centre of the cell they join together, running into and along the cell as a transverse-axial network.
Later analyses of this experiment showed several problems including an incorrect monolayer pressure,incomplete lipid extraction and a miscalculation of cell surface area.[9] In spite of these issues the fundamental conclusion- that the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer- was correct.