Examples of using Electronic equivalent in English and their translations into Arabic
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Political
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Colloquial
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Ecclesiastic
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Ecclesiastic
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Computer
Efforts to develop electronic equivalents for special forms of signature.
It was added that a thorough analysisshould assess the actual market demand for electronic equivalents.
A signature or the electronic equivalent from the copyright holder or authorized representative.
Draft article 9. Procedures foruse of negotiable electronic transport records or the electronic equivalent of a non-negotiable transport document that requires surrender.
A signature or the electronic equivalent from the copyright holder or authorized representative.
Information generated by this system is distributed in El Vigia, the quarterly epidemiological monitoring review,its monthly electronic equivalent e-vigia, and the website of the Ministry of Health(www. minsal. cl).
Draft article 49. Delivery when the electronic equivalent of a non-negotiable transport document that requires surrender is issued.
Chapter I, in dealing with transport documents, presupposes that general provisions of the Model Law, particularly those relating to“writing, original and signature”,also apply to the electronic equivalent of transport documents.
(c) Two signatures, or their electronic equivalent, shall be required on all cheques and other withdrawal instructions including electronic modes of payment;
In this connection, the Working Group's currentwork on transport law aimed at defining an electronic equivalent of negotiable transport documents should naturally be taken into consideration.
There appears to be general agreement that this approach remains appropriate in relation to so-called contracts of adhesion, i.e. contracts concluded on the carrier's standard terms as contained in orevidenced by a transport document(or electronic equivalent).
It was further clarified that electronic transferable records should not include electronic equivalents of securities, such as shares and bonds, nor electronic means of payment.
It was noted that reference to" the electronic equivalent of a non-negotiable transport document that requires surrender" in the title and in paragraph 1 of draft article 9 might require deletion should the Working Group in its further deliberation decide to delete or revise draft article 49.
The present contribution focuses on paragraphs 4 to 6 of article 9 of the draft convention,which define the electronic equivalent of an original and which, in the view of the Belgian delegation, constitute the main difficulty which the draft still poses.
A view was expressed that the definition of" nonnegotiable transport document" as found in draft article 1(18) could possibly be deleted as redundant, but a preference was articulated for retaining the provision in order tomaintain the goal of having an electronic equivalent for any paper document in the draft convention.
However, it was essential for the operation of any system relying on electronic equivalents of bills of lading to avoid the possibility that the same rights could at any given time be embodied both in data messages and in a paper document.
It was observed that the term" non-negotiable electronic transport record" was somewhat illogical in light of the difficulty of requiring" surrender" of an electronic record,and it was suggested that the term" the electronic equivalent of a non-negotiable transport document" could be used in its stead.
The Working Group recalled its earlier conclusions that an electronic equivalent to the physical presence of suppliers and contractors contemplated by the current article 33(2) of the Model Law(A/CN.9/575, paras. 37-42) should be provided for.
For the purposes of this paper and as adopted in some laws in order to avoid implications of terms used in prior practice,an electronic transferable record may be considered an electronic equivalent of a transferable instrument(negotiable or non-negotiable) or transferable document.
But until an entirely satisfactory solution has been found, electronic equivalents of paper-based negotiability may have to rely on" central registry" systems, in which a central entity manages the transfer of title from one party to the next.
It was proposed that draft article 49 should be deleted, since unlike the document provided for in draft article 48,there was no existing practice of using the electronic equivalent of a non-negotiable transport document that required surrender that required support in the text of the draft convention.
It was observed that the particular problem involved in creating an electronic equivalent for the transfer of a paper-based original was how to provide a guarantee of uniqueness equivalent to possession of the original of a document of title or negotiable instrument and that thus far it had not been possible to develop a wholly satisfactory solution to ensure this" singularity" or" originality".
As indicated in the Secretariat's latest study on this issue(A/CN.9/WG. IV/WP.90),the particular problem involved in creating an electronic equivalent for the transfer of a paper-based original is how to provide a guarantee of uniqueness equivalent to possession of the original of a document of title or negotiable instrument.
Under such circumstances, it seems surprising that article 9, in paragraphs 4 and 5,should purport to define the electronic equivalent of an original when it does not make such equivalence subject to the requirement of singularity of the original, which is intrinsically linked to the very function and nature of an original, and will thus be unable to address the question of the transfer of a negotiable instrument.
It was suggested that draft article 48 could bedeleted, and that, if some reference to the electronic equivalent of such documents was thought necessary by the Working Group, such an addition could be made through drafting adjustments to draft article 47.
Under such circumstances, it was surprising that draft article 9, in paragraphs 4 and 5,should purport to define the electronic equivalent of an original when it did not make such equivalence subject to the requirement of singularity of the original, which was intrinsically linked to the very function and nature of an original.
The Working Group further considered the question of whether such anautomated system might be regarded as an electronic equivalent of an agent, as traditionally understood in contract law, and whether the party on whose behalf such an automated system was used could invoke the same defences that a party contracting through an agent could invoke under contract law.
After discussion, the Working Group adopted the working assumption thatelectronic transferable records should refer to the electronic equivalent of any transferable document or instrument" that entitles the bearer or beneficiary to claim the delivery of goods or the payment of a sum of money"(see article 2, paragraph 2, of the Electronic Communications Convention).
Submission of tenders by suppliers or contractors to the procuring entity in writing,signed and in a sealed envelope or its electronic equivalent that ensures the same level of security, integrity, confidentiality and authenticity, in the manner, at the place and by the deadline stipulated by the procuring entity in the solicitation documents.
The Belgian delegation in fact feels that it would be inappropriate for the draftconvention to incorporate provisions that legally establish the electronic equivalent of an original when those provisions do not address the question of electronic equivalents for the transfer of rights by means of documents of title or negotiable instruments(which are excluded under article 2, paragraph 2, of the draft) and such transfer is specifically dependent on possession of an original document.

