What is the translation of " CAUSAL INFERENCE " in Chinese?

• 因果推理
• 因果推论

Examples of using Causal inference in English and their translations into Chinese

Descriptive and causal inference;
描述性和因果推论;

In a way, causal inference from observational data is subjective.
从某种程度上讲，从观测数据得到的因果推断是主观的。

You hopefully know enough about causal inference by now to know that$p.
但愿你们现在了解了足够多的关于因果推理的东西，知道p.

The influence of testimony's confidence and exploration on 5-year-old children's causal inference.
证词自信度和自主探索综合影响5岁儿童的因果推理.

Causality(Causal Inference).
因果推论（Causalinference）.

I wanted to emphasize again that this is not a question of whether you work on deep learning or causal inference.
我想再次强调，这不是一个讨论用深度学习还是因果推理的问题。

And methods for making causal inferences from quantitativer data.
并从quantitativer数据进行因果推论的方法。

At the same time, these are questions that cannot be resolved merely by contemplating the nature of causal inference.
与此同时，这些问题不能仅仅通过思考因果推论的性质来解决。

How can we make causal inferences about influence or the emergence of a new genre?
我们如何对影响或新流派的出现做出因果推论?

Our many errors show that the practice of causal inference… remains an art.
我们的许多错误表明因果推理这种实践方法……仍然是一种艺术。

Background about causal inference, counterfactuals and matching estimators will be covered as well.
关于因果推论，反事实和匹配估计的背景也将被包括。

Finally, machine learning does not solve any of the fundamental problems of causal inference in observational data sets.
最后，机器学习不解决观察数据集中因果推断的任何根本问题。

Symbolic reasoning and causal inference seem like ripe topics to study, but any kind of unsupervised learning is likely to help.
符号推理(symbolicreasoning)和因果推理(causalinference)看起来已经是成熟的研究了，但是对任何一种无监督学习可能都有帮助。

Logic, imagination and interpretation: the application of instrumental variables for causal inference in the social sciences.
逻辑、想象和诠释:工具变量在社会科学因果推断中的应用.

A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning.
对因果推理的简明和自成体系的介绍，在数据科学和机器学习中越来越重要。

After reading the article, I decided to look into his famous do-calculus and the topic causal inference once again.”.
读完这篇文章后，我决定再研究一下他著名的do-calculus和因果推理。

You hopefully know enough about causal inference by now to know that$p.
但愿你们现在了解了足够多的关于因果推理的东西，知道p(:mortar_board:|=0)不是我们要寻求的量。

Without answers to these queries, predictive models derived from relevant research lack the capability to make causal inferences(Rubin 1974).
少了“如何”与“为何”的回答，从相关研究中得到的预测模型便欠缺了因果推论的能力(Rubin，1974)。

Indeed, big data here does not allow any causal inference about marketing communication effectiveness.
实际上，这里的大数据并没有考虑营销传播有效性的因果推论。

His substantive areas are linked to several methodological interests: social network analysis, causal inference, and multilevel models.
他的研究领域涉及几方面的方法学方向：社会网络分析、因果推论和多水平模型。

A grand challenge problem in climate data analytics involves causal inference: can we identify anomalous events and causally connect them to mechanisms?
天气数据分析中的一个很大的挑战性问题是涉及到因果推理：我们是否可以识别异常事件并将它们和一些机制建立因果关系?

Using empirical data to test such claims is challenging, since it is difficult to draw causal inferences from macroeconomic events.
使用经验数据来检验这些观点面临挑战，因为很难从宏观经济事件中得出因果推论。

Central topics include linear regression, causal inference, identification strategies, and a wide-range of time series models that are frequently used by industry professionals.
中心议题包括线性回归，因果推理，识别策略，以及经常使用的由业内专业人士的时间序列模型宽范围。

If we can't observe$z$ we can still do supervised learning, but we won't be able to answer causal inference queries$p(y\vert do(x))$.
如果不能观察z，我们仍然可以进行监督学习，但是我们将无法回答因果推理查询p(y|do(x))。

Treatment effect estimation, as a fundamental problem in causal inference, has been extensively studied in statistics for decades.
治疗效果估计作为因果推理中的一个基本问题，在统计学上已被广泛研究了几十年。

They rarely receive formal instruction on experimental methodology, population-based statistics and sampling paradigms, or observational causal inference, let alone neuroscience, collective behavior or social theory.
他们很少接触实验方面的方法论，基于群体的抽样训练，或者基于观察的因果推理，更不用说神经科学、集体行为学或者社会理论了。

The journal P.S. Political Science had a symposium on big data, causal inference, and formal theory, and Clark and Golder(2015) summarize each contribution.
该杂志PS政治学对大数据，因果推论和形式理论专题讨论会，ClarkandGolder(2015)总结了每个贡献。

The journal P.S. Political Science had a symposium on big data, causal inference, and formal theory, and Clark and Golder(2015) summarize each contribution.
PS政治科学杂志举办了关于大数据，因果推理和形式理论的研讨会，ClarkandGolder(2015)总结了每一个贡献。

Figure 2: How the SCM“inference engine” combines data with causal model(or assumptions) to produce answers to queries of interest.
图2：SCM「推断引擎」结合数据和因果模型（或假设），生成查询的答案。