What is the translation of " RETRIBUTIVE " in Chinese?

• 报复性
• 惩罚性
• 报应

Examples of using Retributive in English and their translations into Chinese

Old paradigm: retributive.
旧模式：惩罚性手段.

Retributive justice WEB concerned with the proper response to wrongdoing.
应报正义（Retributivejustice）着重对恶行的适当回应。

Various differences abound between retributive and restorative justice.
恢复性正义和偿还性正义之间存在差异。

That is not‘retributive' punishment, I guess, but it hurts, and so it should.
我认为，这不是“报复式”惩罚，但惩罚肯定会让人痛苦，也应该如此。

Peace must no longer be the hostage of either terrorist or retributive violence.
和平绝不能再成为恐怖主义或报复性暴力的人质。

But, justice must not only be retributive, it must also be restorative.
但司法不能只是惩罚性的，也必须起恢复作用。

Erdogan appealed to citizens to stay calm and refrain from any retributive action.
孔戴呼吁几内亚人民保持冷静，避免任何报复行为的发生。

(e) The need to move from a retributive to a restorative justice system was emphasized.
(e)强调必须从惩罚性司法制度转向恢复性司法制度。

Retributive theory of punishment on the other hand seeks to punish offenders because they deserve to be punished.
报复主义的观点是，我们应该惩罚犯罪者，因为他们应该得到惩罚。

In the past, there has often been a disciplined, retributive approach to the destruction of property.
过去，通常采取有组织、惩罚性的破坏财产的做法。

Yet, in a retributive age, the image of community service has been ratcheted up by politicians to match penal populism.
然而，在报应时代，政治家们提升社区服务的形象，以配合刑事民粹主义。

After winning that fatal prize, did he escape the retributive imposition, or the avenging birch.
在赢得那个致命的奖品之后，他是否逃过了报复性的惩罚，或者复仇的白桦。

In that connection, he welcomed the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Tribunal but said that it was important to avoid retributive justice.
关于这一点，他欢迎设立真相与和解委员会以及特别法庭，但重要的是要避免报复性审判。

Is not seen as strictly a matter of retributive justice even by the more traditionalist churches.
地狱不被认为是一个严惩的正义问题，即使是更传统的教会也是如此。

Several speakers emphasized the need to change the approach to criminal justice from retributive to restorative justice.
几个发言者强调，必须改变刑事司法方法，从惩罚性司法转变为恢复性司法。

Defectors indicated that there was a retributive element to some attacks, to" punish" civilians for the presence of armed groups.
叛逃者表示，有些攻击带有报复性质，是因为有武装团体驻扎而"惩罚"平民。

No doubt, our society has secularized Christian thought over the years, but the idea that retributive justice is only“Western” is simply false.
毫无疑问，多年来，我们的社会已经世俗化了基督教思想，但是，报应性正义只是“西方”的观点完全是错误的。

Intergenerational justice is closely related but can be understood as a broader concept that involves, apart from distributive dimensions, procedural, restorative and retributive dimensions.
代际正义与此密切相关，但可以理解为一个更广泛的概念，除了分配因素外，它涉及程序、恢复和惩罚等方面。

They also found that weakening one's belief in free will makes them less retributive in their attitudes about punishment(for details, see here.).
他们还发现，弱化人们对自由意志的信念可以缓和人们对惩罚的报复性态度（相关研究参见这里）。

The African diaspora is, for this reason, more than equipped to enter the dialogue among civilizations, having seeded the germ of a civilization itself, as if with the beneficence of retributive justice.
为此原因，散居各国的非裔特别具备参与不同文明间对话的能力，因为他们已经传播了一种文明的种子，这似乎也是一种公正的报应。

Particularly disturbing is the apparent failure to break the tendency towards retributive violence, so that even one incident carries with it the risk of escalation.
尤其令人不安的是报复性暴力的倾向显然没有被扼制住，致使即便一个事件也可能导致局势升级。

While monetary damages can assist victims, they are no substitute for criminal accountability in terms of deterrence, retributive justice, and moral stigma.
尽管金钱损害赔偿对受害者有所帮助，但它无法取代刑事责任在吓阻犯罪、应报正义和道德谴责方面的作用。

A number of speakers felt that overcrowding was due to excessively repressive or retributive policies and that a rehabilitative approach was necessary to address the problem in a sustainable manner.
一些发言者认为，过度拥挤是由于实行了过于压制或惩罚的政策而造成的，必须采取恢复性的办法，以可持续的方式解决这一问题。

If they do not, their citizens may seek to guarantee their security through alternative forms of self-protection, retributive justice or the resort to armed violence.
如果政府不能这样做，其公民就可能通过其他自我保护的形式、报复性正义或不惜采取武装暴力设法保障自身的安全。

The establishment of the ad hoc tribunals taught us, however, that their use was limited to enforcing retributive justice and that they did little to deter the commission of crimes.
然而，这些特设法庭的成立告诉我们，它们的作用仅限于执行惩罚性司法，而对威慑犯罪却功效甚微。

Debates are continuing in India about punishment for rapists, particularly whether punitive methods or retributive and restorative justice are most effective.
印度社会仍在继续讨论对强奸者应该施以何种惩罚，尤其是还在讨论，究竟是惩罚性手段亦或是报复性和恢复性司法手段才是最有效的方法.

Over 60 years, major shifts have occurred in United Nations criminal policy: emphasis has shifted from retributive approaches to restorative justice and from repression to prevention.
年来，联合国刑事政策发生了若干重大转变。重点已从报复性办法转向恢复性司法，从打压转向预防。