Примеры использования Informal economies на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Linkages between the formal and informal economies.
Countries with significant informal economies needed to offer their citizens incentives to be part of the formal system.
Enhance productivity andincome in both formal and informal economies.
How do the formal and informal economies interact in the city?
Governments are urged to gather baseline data on the participation of minorities in the formal and informal economies.
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Linkages between the formal and informal economies can also affect productivity growth.
Moreover, little information exists on how persons with disabilities and their families are able to make a living,especially in informal economies.
Their marginalization this will push them into informal economies run by mafias and criminal networks.
Though the formal and informal economies move along separate tracks, they are nonetheless interrelated and characterized by numerous intricate linkages.
Another speaker referred to the fact that many countries had very large informal economies that were unregulated and vulnerable to corruption.
In countries with large informal economies it is essential to strengthen the representation and organization of workers and employers.
It was important to remember that those barriers fell especially hard on the many women entrepreneurs in the informal economies of developing countries.
African countries have large informal economies and the average size of African manufacturing firms is relatively small.
Countries with inefficient regulatory environments andhigh levels of corruption tend to have informal economies in excess of 40 per cent of GDP.
An objective comparison of the formal and informal economies reveals myriad inequalities, ranging from wage, benefit and gender disparities to sizeable imbalances in the tax burden.
His main research interests are Marxism, peasant studies, historical sociology,sociology of knowledge, informal economies, epistemology and higher education.
However, it is clear that countries with low incomes and large informal economies are not able to raise sufficient tax revenues to cover necessary public investment in the social sectors and economic infrastructure, amongst others.
Ensure that traditionally female-dominated work in agriculture, farming andfood production is not undervalued or restricted to informal economies.
In its discussions, the Committee also considered service or informal economies and the difficulty of collecting data on them.
The experience of a number of key export industries(producers of garments, leather goods, textiles, sports shoes, carpets and electronics)can be used to illustrate the linkages between the formal and informal economies.
Widening gaps between skilled and unskilled workers,and between the formal and informal economies, have contributed to persistent and deepening inequalities worldwide.
A major challenge is the low quality of work that is available to both women and men, but especially to women, who remain confined to the least remunerative andleast protected segments of the formal and informal economies.
At the other end of the economic spectrum there are millions of small andmicro-enterprises operating in both the formal and informal economies, which play a critical role in creating local jobs and wealth.
The informal economies of developing countries exhibit many of the same characteristics as industrial districts(clustering, artisan traditions, adaptability and flexibility and a strong sense of local identity) but have not achieved the same economic success.
Of particular concern is the fact that, in developing countries,women are disproportionately represented in the informal economies and are especially vulnerable.
Though the formal and informal economies may overlap in some areas, deep divisions remain, further segmenting society, increasing social tensions, and deterring the poor from participating in the development process Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005b.
However, not enough decent jobs have been created to reduce large numbers of working poor and large informal economies even during the period of rapid growth.
The study would provide practical planning tools to help countries to manage risk,to transform informal economies into formal economies and to improve coordination among international organizations in the field.
Developing economies and economies in transition face the challenge of not just creating new jobs for young people butalso securing decent jobs for young people who are underemployed and for those working in the informal economies in rural and urban areas.
In its 2005 Report on the World Social Situation, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat highlighted the growing chasm between formal and informal economies, the widening gap between skilled and unskilled workers and the growing disparities in health and education, as well as in opportunities for social, economic and political participation.