Примеры использования Marketing boards на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
{-}
-
Official
-
Colloquial
In some cases, institutions such as marketing boards earlier provided important services to producers.
In many countries privatization of public enterprises is taking place and marketing boards are being abolished.
Viii Rethink and restructure marketing boards so that they can retain their useful regulatory role and provide effective support services to farmers;
Creating a wider range of options for smallholders:cooperatives, marketing boards, and public procurement.
It was noted,though, that while in operation marketing boards were not always successful, there is currently no regulatory mechanism to replace them in most developing countries.
Despite the fact that the majority of women who participate in marketing activity, most marketing boards are male-dominated.
Crop marketing boards and caisses de stabilization, which in many cases had existed since colonial times, mediated between the world markets and producers in many commodity-exporting countries.
Much of discussion was centred around the issue of marketing boards, recently dismantled in most developing countries.
It is important to identify the missing links in the provision of services for exporting commodities,generated by the disappearance of institutions such as marketing boards.
However, the premature abolition of state institutions, such as marketing boards and development banks, has been unhelpful in many cases.
Crop marketing boards and caisses de stabilisation, which in many cases had existed since colonial times, mediated between world markets and producers in many commodity-exporting countries.
Provision of expertise on the organizational structure for physical commodity markets replacing centralized marketing boards in developing countries.
States could also establish or support marketing boards, equipped to buy certain volumes of staple crops at remunerative prices, in order to put pressure on private traders to improve on their own offers.
The recommendations relate to a range of areas, including codes of conduct and international framework agreements,cooperatives, marketing boards, public procurement, and competition law.
In that context, marketing boards in fact prevented farmers from retaining control over the prices they received for their produce, leading to the emergence of parallel farmers' markets and, sometimes, to bribery of marketing board officials.
One non-governmental organization representative said that farmer marketing boards, backed by Governments, were essential for family farmers.
Risks associated with short-term financing for small producers, including counterparty risk and non-delivery performance risk, were discussed andit was suggested that these may have been amplified following the dismantling of marketing boards in many CDDCs.
It might be necessary to shield farmers and consumers from the market to some extent,for example by setting up marketing boards or by delinking certain staple-food commodities from the excessive speculation.
Although some marketing boards were highly ineffective and harmed agricultural production, it is important to note that well-managed agricultural boards can fulfil a very important role in improving rural livelihoods and food security.
With the changes in the global environment, new problems have also arisen:many African countries have dismantled their export marketing boards but have not found adequate substitutes.
Thus, the commodity exchange,which can provide many of the same services as parastatal marketing boards on a financially sustainable basis, may represent one of the best means to fill the void arising from government withdrawal from the sector.
During the 1980s, the Bretton Woods institutions(BWIs) espoused neo-liberal policies to deal with policy distortions,including the dismantling of agricultural marketing boards and price stabilization schemes.
Despite all their inadequacies, marketing boards influenced production, internal distribution, pricing of food and productive inputs, and export marketing of agricultural produce, but also ensured that farmers received stable prices and maintained quality control and standards.
Liberalization and privatization made it impossible to maintain relatively successful financing models relying on monopoly marketing boards that could deduct credits from what farmers were paid.
The results have been more favourable to small producers when marketing boards have been retained and reformed, in which cases the private sector has often been allowed to compete with marketing boards or when the producer prices offered by marketing boards have been linked to world market prices.
Repayment rates turned out to be abysmally low- except when tied directly to outgrower schemes and marketing boards- and became an eternal drain on government and donor resources.
In the past, such marketing boards have sometimes used their monopsony power to artificially reduce prices received by farmers in order to ensure cheap food for urban consumers, or to earn foreign currency from food exports in order to fund industrialization policies; sometimes cheap food served the interests of the domestic food processing industries.
The workshop in Barbados brought together 51 participants from financial institutions, producers' organizations, the tourism industry,ministries and marketing boards from 11 Caribbean countries as well as regional bodies.
With the lowering of international trade barriers andthe introduction of market disciplines into the agricultural sector, many of these cooperative and marketing boards were converted into privately owned corporations that sought nevertheless to maintain the exclusivity in the provision of key distribution and other services to their erstwhile members, the farmers and exporters of agricultural producers.
The effect of the general lack of investment in agriculture has therefore been worsened by the unsurprising failure of the market to deliver public-good type benefits that were previously provided by local or national marketing boards and other intermediary agencies.