Примеры использования Pollution charge на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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This Decision reinstated the legal foundation of the pollution charge system.
In real terms, the pollution charge revenues increased slightly between 1995 and 2001 see Table 2.4.
Since any payment for natural resources represents a federal tax in Russia, the pollution charge was consequently proclaimed a tax.
For example, in 1999, the pollution charge offsets in the Rostov oblast amounted to one-third of the total revenue collected OECD, 2002b.
A permitting system reform would likelyeliminate temporary ELVs and contribute to the streamlining of the pollution charge scheme.
Table 2.6 illustrates the contribution of pollution charge revenues in financing environmental projects.
Increasing Pollution Charge Rates Russia's current low rates cannot fulfil any of the two functions associated with pollution charges. .
As already mentioned,an administratively complex pollution charge system like Russia's is not an effective source of revenues.
Increase collection rates of charges to increase the incentive effect of this instrument as well as the credibility of the pollution charge system.
This would create a sound basis for pollution charge assessment and an incentive for pollution reduction.
The environmental inspectorate simply does not have enough people to check the accuracy of all pollution charge declarations submitted by industry.
This confirms the larger problem that the pollution charge system is too complex and unfocused to be implemented effectively.
The procedure of choosing reporting entities draws from previous years experience andis based on pollution charge payers, in particular for air emissions.
As outlined above, selection is based on pollution charge payers which account for only about 5 per cent of the total of registered legal entities.
The optimum would be reached when marginal treatment costs(or costs associated with developing appropriate technologies for pollution reduction)equalled the pollution charge.
For the establishment of effective cost-recovery mechanisms the pollution charge rates should be raised stepwise and index-linked to cope with inflation.
Although 81% of the pollution charge revenues were earmarked for environmental expenditures(through environmental funds), their contribution to the total environmental expenditures amounted only to some 5.5% in 2001.
However, no matter what the purpose is for introducing and revising a pollution charge system, it should be designed to achieve specific environmental policy objectives.
The offsets were often granted to those enterprises that did not pay charges anyway,defeating the incentive purpose of the scheme and the pollution charge system as a whole.
This is a first attempt to limit the coverage of the pollution charge system in Russia, even though the thresholds are set too low to simplify the system significantly.
The SINP also indicated that the nine large industrial companies for which detailed data were provided(see Section 3.5.3)had no pollution charge debt, and that affordability was not an issue for them.
A comparison of the additional revenues generated with the pollution charge revenues generated in 2001 reveals the real dimension of the revenue-raising potential of a motor fuel tax in Russia.
A further legal shortcoming, acknowledged by basically all the MNP officials interviewed, is the lack of a systematic correction for inflation written into the law,which would prevent inflation to erode the pollution charge rates.
The elimination of this inconsistency andproper authorisation of the pollution charge system through a new federal law is currently a priority for the federal government.
ANALYSIS OF RUSSIA'S POLLUTION CHARGE SYSTEM This chapter discusses specific features andmain shortcomings of the pollution charge system in Russia between 1991 and 2002, when it was declared invalid by the Supreme Court.
The main objective of the latest draft Law(dated September 25, 2003) is to better institutionalise the pollution charge system(see Table 2.7) by making it consistent with the existing regulatory framework.
Assessment of the Proposed Changes to the Pollution Charge System The urgency for a reauthorisation of the pollution charge system was recognised after the legal dispute of 2002 about the legality of Decree No. 632 1992.
In a unique case in the EECCA region, Kazakhstan has a provision in the CAO setting administrative fines for violation of(air)emission limit values by large enterprises at ten times the pollution charge rate applicable to the exceedance amount.
Legal and Institutional Weaknesses The recent legal challenge to the pollution charge system in Russia was caused by the deficiencies of its legal status and allocation of institutional responsibilities.
Environmental inspectors often conduct joint inspections with the tax authorities(responsible for pollution charge collection) but, owing to staff shortages, they are able to cover only a fraction of the enterprises.