Примеры использования To local firms на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Directly provide finance to local firms.
Movement of skilled and trained people from TNCs to local firms is also likely to transfer skills and valuable management and technical know-how.
The benefits of FDI can be amplified through spillovers to local firms.
By focusing on its core business, Unilever increasingly outsources non-core functions to local firms, providing them in the process with technology inputs and strengthening their competitive position.
Other effects Inward investors demonstrate new ways of doing things to local firms.
These parks were highly successful in attracting investors andinducing technology transfer to local firms, when coupled with a good regulatory framework and targeted incentives.
Forming an offshore company, the entrepreneur can significantly andlegitimately to reduce the amount of tax payments to local firms.
In addition, foreign affiliates can diffuse technology and skills to local firms, particularly through backward linkages.
Some host countries require foreign investors to take on local partners in joint ventures or to license technology to local firms.
Japanese contractors operate in many developing countries andsubcontract part of their work to local firms, thus contributing to technology transfer and human resource development.
The aim is to ensure that transnational firms do not use their large economic andfinancial power to engage in anti-competitive activities detrimental to local firms.
However, data show that less than 1 per cent of all contracts was awarded to local firms under the price preference scheme.
Evidence from East Asian countries suggests that technologies have been transferred not only from parent companies to their subsidiaries, butalso from their subsidiaries to local firms.
It also encourages the development of specialized services that may become available to local firms but would not have developed without FDI.
In order to achieve technological upgrading, advanced and specialized factors of production must be developed which would encourage TNCs to transfer their technology to local firms.
There are many examples in which local researchers andengineers leaving foreign-invested R&D centres moved to local firms or established their own companies in Asian economies, such as China, India and Malaysia.
The STI programme provides incentives to foreign companies that invest in Thailand in activities that enhance human resources capacity orfacilitate specific technology transfer to local firms.
One of the mechanisms used by ICTA is the deployment of targeted preferential marks to local firms which has stimulated joint ventures between local and international firms, and has fostered capacity development among local firms. .
Human capital spillovers occur when TNCs train personnel beyond their own needs orwhen their experienced personnel move to local firms or form new spin-off companies.
Some experts expressed concern that assistance andsubsidies provided to local firms in developed countries for implementing new environmental measures could put exporting firms from developing countries at a further competitive disadvantage.
Secondly, they may also be more likely to impart greater social and human capital such as transferring knowledge, encouraging reform,providing marketing networks to local firms and partners and facilitating connections and trade.
Indirect positive effects include spillovers to local firms; the inculcation of an R&D culture in local firms; the development of new disciplines and specializations at local universities; the development of R&D clusters; and spin-offs of by-products that TNCs do not want to develop themselves.
In the former, formal R&D and innovative activities could drive productivity growth, and greater exposure to foreign technology via FDI andtrade could lead to increasing knowledge spillovers to local firms.
Moreover, local workers in the EPZs,especially those located near to urban centres, can impart their knowledge to local firms upon leaving them. The"demonstration" effects may well be one of the most important contributions of EPZs to the local economy.
Host economies can also derive direct benefits from TNCs' R&D units through, for instance,(a) subcontracting andsponsorship of research to local universities, and(b) licensing of technologies for by-products to local firms.
Evidently, such measures are intended to favour and attract rather than limit FDI and they differ significantly from those mentioned earlier.(Wheresuch incentives are not available to local firms, furthermore, they effectively discriminate against them.) Yet they frequently have in fact definite restrictive effects.
Experts indicated that margin of preference in international tendering allocated to local firms should be sufficient to allow their effective participation, and that criteria established for participation in multilaterally financed projects should not be so stringent as to exclude domestic construction firms in developing countries.
Nevertheless, together with government policies which attack the broad problem of weak capacity and which provide targeted support for theinternationalization of local firms, they can provide a strong impetus to local firms to improve competitiveness.
In the case of joint ventures orother arrangements with foreign firms, transfer of knowledge to local firms and dissemination in local economy would be even more limited unless local firms have a long history of using the foreign technology and accumulating such technology through license agreements or other technology use arrangements.
Anti-competitive practices, such as colluding with other firms to control markets, abusing transfer pricing, or engaging in corrupt practices to gain unfair advantages,can all be significantly detrimental to local firms, local employment and the general economic development prospects of a host developing country.