Приклади вживання European starlings Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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European Starlings.
Aesthetic benefits of European Starlings are also debatable.
One final potential benefit that we in the U.S. seem to have overlooked,is that of European Starlings as a food source.
Identification: European starlings are small black birds with an iridescent green and purple gloss on their feathers.
For example, Vierling(1998) found that Lewis Woodpeckers(Melanerpes lewis)in Colorado were not out competed for nest sites by European Starlings.
Mode(s) of Introduction: European Starlings have been intentionally introduced all over the world, generally for aesthetic purposes.
Feare(1999) reported being told of 25 million nest boxes being erected in theformer Soviet Union to encourage the establishment of European Starlings.
There are reports of European Starlings breeding in Argentina and occurring in Antarctic islands and Papua New Guinea.
The roosts can be as large as thousands of individuals, including other species of birds,such as red-winged blackbirds, European starlings, and brown-headed cowbirds.
European starlings are highly colonial, gathering in huge flocks which may number in the thousands, to feed and roost.
If populations of cavity nestersare declining in areas with large numbers of European Starlings, the effects of nest usurpation by starlings should be examined as a possible cause.
Ecological Role: European Starlings have a significant impact on their environment because they congregate in such large numbers.
European Starlings also control some insect populations, but since they will eat almost anything they cannot be relied upon to eat only pests.
Threat(s): Far from being considered beautiful, delicious or beneficial, European Starlings in the United States are normally decried as loud, obnoxious, destructive birds, who steal grain, ravage crops and crowd out native bird species.
European Starlings have a particular technique of inserting their closed bill into the ground or an object and then prying the bill open, creating a small hole.
In addition to the problems they create for people, European Starlings also have detrimental effects on native ecosystems, particularly through their tendency to out compete native bird species for food and nest sites.
European starlings are also flexible- in western France migrating populations have changed their wintering areas to take advantage of year round food supplies from livestock facilities.
Since European Starlings are so wide spread and well established there is little hope of eliminating all of the problems that they cause.
Finally, European Starlings often forage near airports and have been implicated in air disasters, particularly when planes have collided with entire flocks of birds.
Interestingly, European starlings are declining in parts of their original range(e.g. Britain), possibly due to intensification of large scale commercial agriculture.
Two other studies found that European Starlings did usurp significant numbers of nest site cavities from Northern Flickers(Colaptes auratus) and Red Bellied Woodpeckers(Melanerpes carolinus), and that the presence of additional nest boxes near Flicker nest cavities did not alleviate the problems(Ingold 1998 and 1994).
The European Starling.
The European Starling.
One study found that European Starling droppings contained C. jejuni, I. monocytogenes and C.
A truly global bird, the European Starling has been introduced and become established in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and North America.
In North America the European Starling is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific(east to west) and from central Canada to northern Mexico(north to south).
Common name Binomial Status European starling Sturnus vulgaris Spotless starling Sturnus unicolor Rosy starling Pastor roseus(A) Common myna Acridotheres tristis(I)(E) Crested myna Acridotheres cristatellus(I) Greater blue-eared starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus(A) Madeiras only.
On Bermuda however, gray catbirds were once very common, but their numbers have been greatly reduced in recent years by deforestation and nest predation by introducedspecies(including the great kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus and the European starling Sturnus vulgaris).
Common name Binomial Notes Metallic starling Aplonis metallica Singing starling Aplonis cantoroides Torres Strait Norfolk starling Aplonis fuscaextinct, Lord Howe& Norfolk Island European starling Sturnus vulgaris introduced Rosy starling Pastor roseus vagrant Daurian starling Agropsar sturninus vagrant, Christmas& Cocos(Keeling) Islands Chestnut-cheeked starling Agropsar philippensis vagrant, Ashmore Reef Common myna Acridotheres tristis introduced.
Original Distribution: A bird of Eurasia and Northern Africa,the original breeding range of the European Starling extends from northern China to Iceland and the Azores, and south down through Europe to the Mediterranean, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan.