Приклади вживання Fvdg Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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The government repression against the FVdG was heavy.
In some places, all FVdG members were called into service.[39].
This led to a massive expansion in FVdG membership.
The FVdG promptly responded by founding the weekly Mitteilungsblatt.
August Bebel, proposed the resolution to expel FVdG members from the SPD.
The 1903 FVdG congress elected a panel to continue negotiations with the Free Trade Unions.
Immediately after the November Revolution, the FVdG very quickly became a mass organization.
An FVdG survey returned a vote of twenty-two to eight opposing rejoining the centralized unions.
During the years following its formation, the FVdG began to adopt increasingly radical positions.
Moreover, Rudolf Rocker, a communist anarchist and follower of Kropotkin,joined the FVdG in March 1919.
On April 1, a general strike supported by the FVdG, the KPD and the Independent Social Democratic Party(USPD) began.
The FVdG remained affiliated with the SPD, which in turn tolerated it because the SPD was afraid a split would lead to a large loss of members.
Disputes with the mainstream labor movement finally led to the expulsion of FVdG members from the Social Democratic Party of Germany(SPD) in 1908 and the complete severing of relations between the two organizations.
The FVdG panel realized this demand was unrealistic, but hoped the expulsion of revisionists from the SPD during the debate on Eduard Bernstein's theses would strengthen their position.
The faction in the Italian USI led by Armando Borghi, an antimilitarist minority in the French CGT, the Dutch NAS, as well as Spanish, Swedish,and Danish syndicalists were all united with the FVdG in their opposition to the war.[41].
During the first decade of the 20th century, the FVdG was transformed from a localist union federation into a syndicalist labor organization with anarchist tendencies.
The strike eventually involved up to 75 percent of the region's miners until it was violently suppressed in late April by the SPD-led government.[48]After the strike and the ensuing collapse of the General Miners' Union, the FVdG expanded its unions rapidly and independently of the aforementioned political parties, especially in the Ruhr region.
The FVdG stated it would rejoin the centralized trade unions like the SPD leadership desired only if the centralized unions accepted the FVdG's organizational principles.[2].
While the mainstream labor movement was quick to agree with the state that Russia andthe United Kingdom were to blame for igniting the war, the FVdG held that the cause for the war was imperialism and that no blame could be assigned until after the conflict ended.
In the first days of the war, about 30 FVdG activists in Cologne, Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Krefeld and other cities were arrested- some remaining under house arrest for two years.
The platform also called for the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat,[46] a position which was designed to reach out to the newly formed Communist Party(KPD) and International Communists of Germany.[47]In late 1918 and early 1919, the FVdG became an important player in the strike movement in the Ruhr region(which mostly involved miners).
In 1904, Friedeberg, speaking for the FVdG, advanced the view that the general strike must be a weapon in the hands of the proletariat and would be the last step before the socialist revolution.
In 1908, Kater called the Charter of Amiens, the platform of the French General Confederation of Labor(CGT), the earliest and largest syndicalist union worldwide,"a new revelation".[29] Although there was no contact between German"intellectual anarchists"(like Gustav Landauer andErich Mühsam) and the FVdG, it did have influential anarchist members, most notably Andreas Kleinlein and Fritz Köster.
The end of cooperation between the FVdG and the political parties in the Ruhr region was part of a nationwide trend after Paul Levi, an anti-syndicalist, became chairman of the KPD in March.
This led some of the masons, carpenters,and construction workers in the union to leave the FVdG in 1907 to avoid being expelled from the SPD, saying the organization was"taking a path, which would certainly lead to strife with the SPD and to syndicalism and anarchism.".
The FVdG, on the other hand, was the only labor organization in the country which refused to participate in the Burgfrieden.[36] The union held that war-time patriotism was incompatible with proletarian internationalism and that war could only bring greater exploitation of labor.
In 1903, a dispute between the FVdG and the Free Trade Unions in Berlin led the party commission to intervene and to sponsor talks aimed at re-unification of the two wings of the German labor movement.
Although the FVdG insisted that the"goal is everything and… must be everything"(a play on Bernstein's formula that"the final goal, whatever it may be, is nothing to me: the movement is everything"), it was unable to do much more than keep its own structures alive during World War I. Immediately after the declaration of war, FVdG tried to continue its antiwar demonstrations to no avail.
During the buildup to World War I, the FVdG denounced the SPD's anti-war rhetoric as"complete humbug".[34] With the start of war, the SPD and the mainstream labor movement entered into the Burgfrieden(or civil truce) with the German state.
During World War I, the FVdG rejected the SPD's and mainstream labor movement's cooperation with the German state- known as the Burgfrieden- but was unable to organize any significant resistance to or continue its regular activities during the war.