Приклади вживання Substantia nigra Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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It is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next to the substantia nigra.
The substantia nigra, along with four other nuclei, is part of the basal ganglia.
The development of the disease is based on changes that occur in the substantia nigra of the brain.
The substantia nigra(Latin for"black substance") contains dopamine-producing neurons.
The two pallidal nucleireceives dopaminergic axons from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. .
The red nucleus and substantia nigra are subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal motor system.
ROSTRAL: striatum, globus pallidus(GPe and GPi) CAUDAL: subthalamic nucleus(STN), substantia nigra(SN).
The substantia nigra(translated from Latin as"black substance") appears as a darkened area in the brainstem.
It is indirectlyconnected to the global palladius as well as the substantia nigra, due to efferents to the striatum.
The substantia nigra is divided into two parts: the pars reticulata and pars compacta, which lies medial to the pars reticulata.
The symptoms of Parkinson's disease usually appear whenabout 80 percent of nerve cells in the substantia nigra have been lost.
In addition to striatum-mediated functions, the substantia nigra also serves as a major source of GABAergic inhibition to various brain targets.
The symptoms of Parkinson's disease usually only start to developwhen around 80 per cent of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra have been lost.”.
Nerve cells in a section of the brain called the substantia nigra produce the chemical dopamine, which is responsible for movement and coordination.
The substantia nigra is an important player in brain function, in particular, in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction.
The researchers analyzed a part of the brain called the substantia nigra in 185 tissue samples from deceased Parkinson's patients.
Although the substantia nigra appears as a continuous band in brain sections, anatomical studies have found that it actually consists of two parts with very different connections and functions: the pars compacta and the pars reticulata.
In addition, research is being performed in the field of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area,which deals with reward, and the substantia nigra, which is involved with movement and motivation.
Some are 2-target with the lateral pallidum and the substantia nigra(2.7%) or the lateral pallidum and the medial(48%). Less are single target for the lateral pallidum.
Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia, globus pallidus: external segment(GPe), subthalamic nucleus(STN), globus pallidus:internal segment(GPi), and substantia nigra(SN, red).
They found that the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra of the healthy brains were able to protect against aging-induced damage to their mitochondrial DNA by producing more healthy DNA.
These cells clusters, called the islands of calleja,are innervated by dopaminergic projections from the nucleus accumbens and the substantia nigra, suggesting the role that the olfactory tubercle plays in the reward system.
Section through superior colliculus showing Substantia nigra. Details Part of Midbrain, Basal ganglia Identifiers Latin Substantia nigra MeSH A08.186.211.132.659.687 NeuroNames hier-527 NeuroLex ID Substantia nigra Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy[edit on Wikidata].
Oscillatory and synchronous activity[12][13] is likely to be a typical pattern of discharge in subthalamic neurons recorded from patients andanimal models characterized by the loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is the principal pathology that underlies Parkinson's disease.
The link with the substantia nigra pars reticulata was stressed very early on due to the similarities in dendritic arborisation(and they are sometimes known as the pallidonigral set) but, in spite of strong evidence, this association remains controversial.
Except for the connection to the striatum(17.3% in macaques), most of the subthalamic principal neurons are multitargets and directed to the other elements of the core of the basal ganglia.[8]Some send axons to the substantia nigra medially and to the medial and lateral nuclei of the pallidum laterally(3-target, 21.3%).
Anatomical overview of the main circuits of the basal ganglia, substantia nigra is shown in black. Picture shows 2 coronal slices that have been superimposed to include the involved basal ganglia structures.+ and- signs at the point of the arrows indicate respectively whether the pathway is excitatory or inhibitory in effect.
The basal ganglia core is made up of the striatum along with the regions to which it projects directly, via the striato-pallidonigral bundle. The striato-pallidonigral bundle is a very dense bundle of sparsely myelinated axons, giving a whitish appearance. This projection comprises successively the external globus pallidus(GPe), the internal globus pallidus(GPi), the pars compacta of the substantia nigra(SNc),and the pars reticulata of substantia nigra(SNr).
The nigral dopaminergic input to the striatum via the nigrostriatal pathway is intimately linked with the striatum's function.[9]The co-dependence between the striatum and substantia nigra can be seen in this way: when the substantia nigra is electrically stimulated, no movement occurs; however, the symptoms of nigral degeneration due to Parkinson's is a poignant example of the substantia nigra's influence on movement.
The reward system includes the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum(primarily the nucleus accumbens, but also the olfactory tubercle), dorsal striatum(i.e.,caudate nucleus and putamen), substantia nigra(i.e., the pars compacta and pars reticulata), prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus(particularly, the orexinergic nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus), thalamus(multiple nuclei), subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus(both external and internal), ventral pallidum, parabrachial nucleus, amygdala, and the remainder of the extended amygdala.[ 3][ 5][ 6][ 7][ 8].