Примери коришћења Lukacs на Енглеском и њихови преводи на Српски
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Realism in the Balance”(1938)- Lukacs' defense of literary realism.
Lukacs then sets up a dialectical opposition between two elements he believes inherent to human experience.
Gay skinheads figure in the work of gay artists such as Canadian painter Attila Richard Lukacs and filmmaker Bruce LaBruce.
During Stalin's Great Purge, Lukacs was sent to internal exile in Tashkent for a time, where he and Johannes Becher became friends.
After advancing his formulation of a desirable literary school,a realism that depicts objective reality, Lukacs turns once again to the proponents of modernism.
As Deputy commissar for culture in Bela Kun's regime, Lukacs put his self described demonic ideas into action in what came to be known as cultural terrorism.
Lukacs explains that good realists, such as Thomas Mann, create a contrast between the consciousnesses of their characters(appearance) and a reality independent of them(essence).
Yet they did not exclude Marxist themes andMannheim's work was influenced by Lukacs' Marxist interests, as he credits Marx as the forerunner to the sociology of knowledge.
In 1923, Lukacs and members of the German Communist party set up, at Frankfurt Univeristy, an Institute for Marxism modeled on the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow.
Realism, because it creates apparently subjective experiences that demonstrate the essential social realities that provoke them, is for Lukacs the only defensible or valuable literary school of the early twentieth century.
After a great deal of intellectual effort, Lukacs claims a successful realist can discover these objective relationships and give them artistic shape in the form of a character's subjective experience.
But although his aim is ostensibly to criticize what he perceived as the over-valuation of modernist schools of writing at the time the article was published, Lukacs uses the essay as an opportunity to advance his formulation of the desirable alternative to these schools.
Lukacs believed that desirable alternative to such modernism must therefore take the form of Realism, and he enlists the realist authors Maxim Gorky, Heinrich and Thomas Mann, and Romain Rolland to champion his cause.
Citing Nietzsche, who argues that“the mark of every form of literary decadence… is that life no longer dwells in the totality,” Lukacs strives to debunk modernist portrayals, claiming they reflect not on objective reality, but instead proceed from subjectivity to create a“home-made model of the contemporary world.”.
Lukacs addresses the discordance in the community of modernist critics, whom he regarded as incapable of deciding which writers were Expressionist and which were not, arguing that“perhaps there is no such thing as an Expressionist writer.”.
Although abstraction can lead to the concealment of objective reality,it is necessary for art, and Lukacs believes that realist authors can successfully employ it“to penetrate the laws governing objective reality, and to uncover the deeper, hidden, mediated, not immediately perceptible of relationships that go to make up society.”.
Lukacs plays on the dissonance that existed within the community of modernist critics, whom he regarded as unable to decide which writers were Expressionist and which weren't, and jibes that“perhaps there is no such thing as an Expressionist writer.”.
Returning to modernist forms, Lukacs stipulates that such theories disregard the relationship of literature to objective reality, in favor of the portrayal of subjective experience and immediacy that do little to evince the underlying capitalist totality of existence.
Lukacs also adds that Scott's mode of historical realism was later taken up by Balzac and Tolstoy, and enabled other novelists to depict contemporary social life not as a static drama of fixed, universal types, but rather as a moment of history, constantly changing, open to the potential of revolutionary transformation.
For Lukacs, the important issue at stake was not the conflict that results from the modernists' evolving oppositions to classical forms, but rather the ability of art to confront an objective reality that exists in the world, an ability he found almost entirely lacking in modernism.