英語 での Improvement in the output gap の使用例とその 日本語 への翻訳
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This has contributed to some degree to price rises through an improvement in the output gap.
These developments reflect an improvement in the output gap and a rise in inflation expectations.
These measures will influence mainly real interest rates and asset prices andinduce an increase in private demand and an improvement in the output gap.
This improvement in the output gap and the rise in inflation expectations are expected to continue.
Nevertheless, many members, including these members, expressed the recognition that the improvement in the output gap continued to exert upward pressure on wages and prices.
Then, the improvement in the output gap, together with a rise in inflation expectations, will increase inflation rates.
Since then, the Bank has supported firms' and households' economic activity by maintaining highly accommodative financial conditions andcontributed to an improvement in the output gap.
On the other hand, the mechanism whereby an improvement in the output gap leads to a rise in inflation has continued to operate.
These three channels may lead to an expansion of aggregate demand, an improvement in the output gap, and a rise in medium- to long-term inflation expectations, thereby raising the rate of price changes.
Moreover, if labor productivity of the economy as a whole improves and the long-term economic growth rate rises, business fixed investment and private consumption are likely to be stimulated through rises in growth expectations and permanent income,and prices are expected to rise with the improvement in the output gap.
Rising prices as a result of an improvement in the output gap Let me start with the output gap, which indicates the state of labor and capacity utilization.
Nevertheless, the mechanism whereby an improvement in the output gap leads to a rise in inflation has continued to operate and the momentum toward 2 percent inflation has not been lost.
We are in a difficult situation in terms of achieving 2 percent inflation by fiscal 2020, as it is taking more time than expected for inflation to rise. Nevertheless,the momentum whereby an improvement in the output gap leads to an increase in actual inflation, and then a rise in inflation expectations, is maintained.
Against this backdrop, the improvement in the output gap and the rise in inflation expectations are likely to continue, and CPI inflation is expected to approach the price stability target of 2 percent.
Through these three channels, an expansion of aggregate demand, an improvement in the output gap, and a rise in medium- to long-term inflation expectations are likely to take place, thereby raising the rate of actual price changes.
Considering the relationship between the price outlook and the output gap in light of the Phillips curve, in order for the year-on-year rate of increase in the CPI to reach around 2 percent, it is necessary that the raterespond relatively clearly to an improvement in the output gap-- that is,the steepening of the slope-- and that the Phillips curve shift upward, reflecting a rise in medium- to long-term inflation expectations.
By conducting this operation, short- and long-term interest rates have been stable at low levels, and I consider that the highly accommodative financial conditions, brought about by yield curve control,have contributed to an improvement in the output gap by stimulating firms' and households' spending activities. Meanwhile, prices have continued to show relatively weak developments compared to the economic expansion and labor market tightening.
Now that the improvement in the output gap has brought challenges on the supply-side to the fore, this is a good time to make efforts to raise the growth potential by increasing the capital stock and pursuing growth strategies such as measures to respond to the decline in the working age population and to promote innovation through regulatory and institutional reforms.