Ví dụ về việc sử dụng Hydronium trong Tiếng anh và bản dịch của chúng sang Tiếng việt
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Hydronium is one of a series of oxonium ions with the formula R3- nHnO+.
In an acid, the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10- 7 moles per liter.
Hydronium is the cation that forms from water in the presence of hydrogen ions.
For example, CaCl 2·H 2 O is called calcium chloride,and H three O is called hydronium.
In pure water, there is an equal number of hydroxide and hydronium ions, so it is a neutral solution.
Mọi người cũng dịch
Hydronium, also known as H3O+, is a positively charged ion produced when a proton is added to a water molecule.
There are only 3 cation polyatomic ions andthey are ammonium(NH4+), hydronium(H3+), and mercury(I)(Hg22+).
In acidic solutions, hydronium is the more active, its excess proton being readily available for reaction with basic species.
Acidity of an aqueous solutionis therefore more accurately characterized by its hydronium concentration.
In chemistry, hydronium is the common name for the aqueous cation H3O+, the type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water.
It consists of hydrogen chloride and water, and a variety of other chemical species,including hydronium and chloride ions.
This special case of water reacting with water to produce hydronium(and hydroxide) ions is commonly known as the self-ionization of water.
Potential of the pH electrode depends on thelogarithm of the concentration(or more precisely activity) of hydronium ions.
Hydronium ion: H3O+ Zundel cation: H5O2+(named for Georg Zundel) Eigen cation: H9O4+(or H3O+•3H2O)(named for Manfred Eigen).
Thus, an Arrhenius acid can alsobe described as a substance that increases the concentration of hydronium ions when added to water.
Researchers have yet to fully characterize the solvation of hydronium ion in water, in part because many different meanings of solvation exist.
As with the acetic acid reactions, both definitions work for the first example,where water is the solvent and hydronium ion is formed by the HCl solute.
In organic syntheses, such as acid catalyzed reactions, the hydronium ion( H3O+) can be used interchangeably with the H+ ion; choosing one over the other has no significant effect on the mechanism of reaction.
It is produced by gas under the function of heating or strong electromagnetic,mainly are electronic, hydronium, atom, active free radical, ray and so on.
The hydronium ion is very acidic: at 25 °C, its pKa is 0.[3] It is the most acidic species that can exist in water(assuming sufficient water for dissolution): any stronger acid will ionize and protonate a water molecule to form hydronium.
The molecules in pure water auto-dissociate(i.e.: react with each other) into hydronium and hydroxide ions in the following equilibrium.
For convenience however, we refer to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution,[H+],even though we really mean the concentration of hydronium ions,[H 3 O+].
Processes rendering water potable butnot necessarily closer to being pure H2O/ hydroxide+ hydronium ions include use of dilute sodium hypochlorite, mixed-oxidants(electro-catalyzed H2O+ NaCl), and iodine;
In the second example CH3COOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton to ammonia, but does not relate to the Arrhenius definition of anacid because the reaction does not produce hydronium.
A freezing-point depression study determined that the mean hydration ion in cold water is approximately H 3O+(H 2O) 6:[5]on average, each hydronium ion is solvated by 6 water molecules which are unable to solvate other solute molecules.
In the second example CH3COOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton to ammonia(NH3), but cannot be described using the Arrhenius definition of anacid because the reaction does not produce hydronium.
The acidity of hydronium is the implicit standard used to judge the strength of an acid in water: strong acids must be better proton donors than hydronium, otherwise a significant portion of acid will exist in a non-ionized state(i.e.: a weak acid).
After[18F]FDG decays radioactively, however, its 2-fluorine is converted to 18O-,and after picking up a proton H+ from a hydronium ion in its aqueous environment, the molecule becomes glucose-6-phosphate labeled with harmless nonradioactive"heavy oxygen" in the hydroxyl at the C-2 position.
Ultrasonically generated cavitation can induce thermolysis of solutes as well as the formation of highly reactive radicals and reagents, such as free radicals,hydroxide ions(•OH,) hydronium(H3O+) etc., which provide extraordinary reactive conditions in the liquid so that the reaction rate is significantly increased.