Examples of using Non-probability in English and their translations into Hebrew
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First, unadjusted non-probability samples can lead to bad estimates;
First, in the digital age,there have been many developments in the collection and analysis of non-probability samples.
First, unadjusted non-probability samples can lead to bad estimates;
First, in the digital age,there have been many developments in the collection and analysis of non-probability samples.
Non-probability samples need not automatically lead to something like the Literary Digest fiasco.
Thus, in this case, statistical adjustments- specifically Mr. P.-seem to do a good job correcting the biases in non-probability data;
Note: By definition, non-probability sampling techniques mean we cannot calculate the margin of sampling error.
The digital age is making probability sampling in practice harder andis creating new opportunities for non-probability sampling.
In other words, in non-probability sampling methods not everyone has a known and nonzero probability of inclusion.
Again, this is another example of the dangers of raw, unadjusted non-probability samples and is reminiscent of the Literary Digest fiasco.
Despite these debates, I think there are two reasons why the timeis right for social researchers to reconsider non-probability sampling.
Again, this is another example of the dangers of raw, unadjusted non-probability samples and is reminiscent of the Literary Digest fiasco.
However, as I will describe below, changes created by the digital agemean that it is time for researchers to reconsider non-probability sampling.
The most common moral of thestory is that researchers can't learn anything from non-probability samples(i.e., samples without strict probability-based rules for selecting participants).
At the same time that there has been growing difficulties for probability sampling methods,there has also been exciting developments in non-probability sampling methods.
Although non-probability online panels are already being used by social researchers(e.g., the CCES), there is still some debate about the quality of estimates that come from them(Callegaro et al. 2014).
In particular,probability sampling has been getting hard to do in practice, and non-probability sampling has been getting faster, cheaper, and better.
Although“Dewey Defeats Truman” happened in 1948,it is still among the reason that some researchers are skeptical about estimates from non-probability samples.
As I said earlier, non-probability samples are viewed with great skepticism by many social researchers, in part because of their role in some of the most embarrassing failures in the early days of survey research.
Going forward, if you are trying todecide between using a probability sampling approach and a non-probability sampling approach you face a difficult choice.
As I said earlier, non-probability samples are viewed with great skepticism by many social researchers, in part because of their role in some of the most embarrassing failures in the early days of survey research.
These newer methods are different enough from the methods that caused problems in the past that Ithink it makes sense to think of them as“non-probability sampling 2.0.”.
This framework enables us to understand new approaches to representation-in particular, non-probability samples(section 3.4)- and new approaches to measurement- in particular, new ways of asking questions to respondents(section 3.5).
These newer methods are different enough from the methods that caused problems in the past that Ithink it makes sense to think of them as“non-probability sampling 2.0.”.
There are a variety of styles of non-probability sampling methods, but the one thing that they have in common is that they cannot easily fit in the mathematical framework of probability sampling(Baker et al. 2013).
Although things are not totally settled yet, I expect that the third era ofsurvey research will be characterized by non-probability sampling and computer-administered interviews.
Sometimes researchers have found that probability samples and non-probability samples yield estimates of similar quality(Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014), but other comparisons have found that non-probability samples do worse(Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011).
When there are high rates of non-response- as there are in real surveys now- the actual probabilities of inclusion for respondents are not known, and thus,probability samples and non-probability samples are not as different as many researchers believe.
One thing that is clear, however,is that if you are forced to work with non-probability samples or nonrepresentative big data sources(think back to Chapter 2), then there is a strong reason to believe that estimates made using post-stratification and related techniques will be better than unadjusted, raw estimates.
Researchers face a difficult choice between probability sampling methods in practice- which are increasingly expensive andfar from the theoretical results that justify their use- and non-probability sampling methods- which are cheaper and faster, but less familiar and more varied.