Examples of using Ecosystem models in English and their translations into Russian
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Colloquial
In general terms, two approaches to ecosystem models were presented.
Ecosystem models as a forecasting tool for high-tech industries.
Mesozooplankton could be a functional group represented as a forcing function in ecosystem models.
Ecosystem models require functional relationships between predators and prey.
The workshop considered the attributes of life history that may be important in developing ecosystem models.
Rather, these data should be included in ecosystem models as a source of information on trends in relative abundance.
I think there are three themes that could help guide future research efforts with the goal of informing ecosystem models.
Mr Russell Leaper Many ecosystem models have placed an emphasis on parameter estimates rather than model structure.
It considered that demographic data could be useful in parameterising ecosystem models for feedback management.
In principle, ecosystem models constrain species behaviour through the constraints implied by feeding functional relationships.
The model is intended to characterise the food web from a statistical perspective andrequires fewer assumptions than most other ecosystem models.
The workshop noted that ecosystem models might need to represent fish species using size-, age- or stage-structured models. .
The primary aim of this workshop was to attempt to review data availability anddevelop some prioritisation of data needs for ecosystem models which focus on krill and krillbased predators.
The Working Group noted that ecosystem models can be used to help evaluate the effects of multiple conservation measures on the fishery and the ecosystem. .
Data on diet, abundance and habitat are more complete for demersal fish, butthe inability to express abundance in absolute terms restricts the use of abundance data in ecosystem models.
Usually, ecosystem models have been considered to be most useful as OMs in management strategy evaluation, not as assessment models e.g. FAO, 2008.
In relation to data on abundance,the workshop agreed that such data are core to ecosystem models, but their relative importance differs for different types of models. .
Ecosystem models need to be developed to project future acidification conditions in vulnerable and sensitive productive ecosystems. .
Ii To expand the range of fishery models(bio-economic,multi-species and ecosystem models), taking into account environmental, species and technological interactions;
The Working Group noted that ecosystem models can be difficult to develop but agreed that even simple models may significantly inform the Scientific Committee about the robustness of a particular approach.
With respect to updates to the calendar, the Working Group noted thatthe forthcoming Joint IWC-CCAMLR Workshop, through the review of available data for input into ecosystem models, may suggest a need for adjusting the calendar generally.
The workshop agreed that some ecosystem models are needed that have a sufficient degree of complexity to allow adjustments in food-web pathways due to these effects to be an emergent property of the models. .
The Group recommended that effects-based work on N should also considered and used by the Task Force. However, N emissions from ecosystems were being considered andalso included in some ecosystem models.
Ecosystem models based on such an approach could constitute an important tool in furthering the understanding of interactions of marine ecosystem components and identifying specific gaps in knowledge and for defining research priorities.
GENERAL ISSUES AND PRIORITIES 3.1 The workshop generally discussed the issues, questions and priorities for collating andacquiring data for use in the development of multi-species/ecosystem models relevant to CCAMLR and the IWC.
Improved ecosystem models have become available in the past four years, offering a better tool for testing adaptation options as well as the possibility of more accurate predictions and more relevant regional projections.
With regard to pack-ice seals, the subgroup welcomed the recent completion of analyses of APIS surveys, andindicated that completion of analysis of APIS data from the eastern Weddell Sea would be valuable for the development ecosystem models.
Specifically, ecosystem models designed to evaluate the implications of environmental forcing are ideally developed based on processbased hypotheses and involve nested sub-models operating at different temporal and spatial scales.
Tools for population, food web andecosystem modelling 5.1 Dissostichus spp. population models 5.2 Krill-based food-web models 5.3 Fish-based food-web models 5.4 Ecosystem models 6.
Ecosystem models are much trickier than single-species models, in part because there are more dimensions to our ignorance about how the system works, not just parameter values, but also in terms of alternative model structures.