Examples of using Services liberalization in English and their translations into Russian
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Official
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Colloquial
Index of services liberalization commitments.
Different RTAs have adopted different approaches to services liberalization.
Services liberalization was not just about applying economic theory.
Special provisions for LDCs,including bound zero tariffs and services liberalization in their favour;
Services liberalization was hard to quantify and data/information on implementation of RTAs was lacking.
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It was also argued that there is a gap between binding commitments and actual services liberalization.
Hence, development-enhancing services liberalization required recognition of the role of regulation, including its sectoral specificities.
The South Asia Free Trade Agreement(SAFTA) integrated services liberalization in 2006.
A study on Tunisia estimates, for example,that full services liberalization would raise welfare by 5.3 per cent, with investment liberalization accounting for 75.5 per cent of the gains.
A reference material wasdeveloped for negotiators and policymakers from least developed countries in the area of preferential goods and services liberalization.
Many other issues were also outstanding, including special safeguard mechanisms in agriculture and services liberalization, particularly in the areas of interest to developing countries.
In Japan, services liberalization under RTAs had been pursued using both positive- and negative-list approaches, as well as a hybrid approach combining the two approaches, as was the case with its agreement with the Philippines.
Several participants expressed concern that services liberation could potentially erode national regulatory regimes,while others said that services liberalization should not be seen as deregulation.
Are horizontal limitations attached to services liberalization commitments at the national level, such as the establishment of joint ventures or the use of appropriate and advanced technology or management systems?
An emergency safeguards mechanism(ESM) would allow countries to address import surges andunforeseen developments as a result of services liberalization, as well as to facilitate adjustment, thereby encouraging deeper commitments.
Despite the stated objective of the removal of obstacles to the free movement of persons, goods, services and capital, and to the right of residence andestablishment, African RTAs are yet to embark on a services liberalization agenda.
ESCWA assessed trade policy trends in member countries,trade facilitation, services liberalization measures and accession processes, and provided related policy advocacy and advice.
Services liberalization did not automatically bring about development benefits, which depended on appropriate preconditions being met, including improved access by the poor to essential services and technological capacity and diffusion.
In the ongoing negotiations in the Free Trade Area of the Americas the approach to services liberalization has yet to be resolved and countries could submit initial offers through either a negative listing or a positive listing.
Regarding trade in services at the regional level, UNCTAD formulated an approach to the liberalization of services in the countries of theSouthern African Development Community(SADC) in its study entitled Towards SADC Services Liberalization: Balancing Multiple Imperatives.
Thus, whether, how and with whom services liberalization should be pursued in a regional context remain crucial decisions that need to be taken carefully and on the basis of a regional group's specific economic, social and developmental circumstances.
The discussion centred on the exchange of ideas, experiences and lessons learned to determine best-fit national policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks andways and means for harnessing development benefits of services liberalization and cooperation.
While steps to achieve services liberalization had originally been taken at the multilateral level under the World Trade Organization(WTO), today the avenues for services liberalization had multiplied, with increased attention given to regional and plurilateral initiatives.
The list of all activities conducted and publications issued under ARTNeT,including the initiatives on Aid for Trade, services liberalization and regulation, intellectual property rights protection and the Greater Mekong Subregion(GMS), for this period are available at www. artnetontrade. org.
As services liberalization under regional trade agreements(RTAs) tended to lead to deep and comprehensive liberalization, it would raise important challenges for Governments to effectively reconcile liberalization efforts with national regulatory frameworks.
Document TD/B/COM.1/77 was extremely useful in providing a comprehensive analysis of possible gains from services liberalization and policy challenges facing developing countries, and UNCTAD's continued valuable support for developing countries on the WTO services negotiations was appreciated.
Negotiations have started, with an aim to have“major progress” by the time of the December 2013 Ministerial of the World Trade Organization(WTO) in Bali, Indonesia, andthen to finalize a very ambitious agreement on far-reaching services liberalization and disciplining of government activity the following year.
Some experts said that regional services liberalization could lead to deeper and more comprehensive liberalization than could be achieved under the multilateral process, including by cutting into the applied levels of services trade policy regimes and imposing stricter regulatory discipline.
Industrial tariff negotiations had attracted increased attention from developed countries as high agricultural commodity prices made tariffs andsubsidies less relevant in agriculture, while services liberalization proved to be complex and without immediate prospects for a commercially meaningful outcome.
The mandate for services liberalization in SADC stems from Article 23 of the SADC Trade Protocol, which refers to the importance of trade in services for the development of the economies of SADC countries and adopting policies and implementing measures with a view to liberalizing their services sector within the Community.