Примеры использования Export restraints на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Colloquial
Export restraints.
Initially, the idea was to replace by a global agreement the bilateral“voluntary export restraints”, upon their expiration.
Speculation and export restraints in the food commodity market.
In this context, there has been a major shift in the United States from voluntary export restraints to AD actions in this sector.
The voluntary export restraints(VERs) of the 1980s in autos and steel, for example, were administered by the exporting countries.
The Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Safeguards, for example,made it virtually impossible to resort to quantitative restrictions and voluntary export restraints.
The Agreement on Safeguards prohibits the use of voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing arrangements and similar measures that can affect the external trade of developing countries.
In seeking to enhancecooperation in this field, we should ensure that new international initiatives do not weaken the export restraints contained in the MTCR.
The disciplines on export subsidies and export restraints are important in principle, because they bring conditions of trade in agriculture closer to those of the other sectors.
The Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Safeguards,for example, made it virtually impossible to resort to quantitative restrictions and voluntary export restraints.
Other major issues in the area of trade included tariff peaks and escalations, non-tariff barriers, the establishment of quotas,anti-dumping measures, export restraints and increased recourse to the application of labour, environmental and phyto-sanitary standards.
The Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations cut many traditional tariffs and reduced or removed some non-tariff barriers such as export subsidies,production supports and voluntary export restraints.
The Agreement on Safeguards specifically prohibits voluntary export restraints(VERs) and other"grey area" measures, which are to be phased out over a period of four years, thus dealing with a major element in the erosion of the multilateral trading system.
The Agreement on Agriculture largely eliminates non-tariff measures(NTMs) in that sector,while the Agreement on Safeguards prohibits voluntary export restraints and other“grey area” measures.
It is hoped that as a result of the Agreement on Safeguards the use of voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing arrangements and similar measures that can affect the external trade of certain island developing countries will no longer be possible.
The United States has generally relied on trade-oriented and primarily protective measures, such as tariffs, quotas,or voluntary export restraints to ease adjustment pressures on industries in difficulties.
This provision has been interpreted to exclude voluntary export restraints and orderly marketing arrangements from the scope of the Set even though the similarity of such arrangements with market-sharing cartel agreements and/or price-fixing is blatant.
Article 11.3 of the ASG requires countries neither to encourage nor to support"the adoption or maintenance by public andprivate enterprises of non-governmental measures equivalent to"… voluntary export restraints, but does not oblige them to take action to eliminate such measures.
Among the main non-tariff barriers are voluntary export restraints, including the Multifibre Arrangement(MFA); quotas; restrictive licensing systems; variable levies; price undertakings; internal taxes; seasonal barriers; stringent rules of origin; anti-dumping and countervailing duties; and health and sanitary regulations.
The food crisis should not be seen as having been caused merely by such relatively recent triggering or contributing factors as the rise in oil prices, the fall of the dollar, climatic conditions,speculation, export restraints by some countries or biofuel production.
Japanese manufacturers exported more expensive models in the 1980s due to voluntary export restraints negotiated by the Japanese government and U.S. trade representatives that restricted mainstream car sales.
The Study Group examined the actual condition of import-export restrictions arising from trade friction caused by the expansion of international trade safeguards, anti-dumping measures,voluntary export restraints, the setting of numeric targets to increase imports and problems under competition policy.
The tendency to circumvent GATT Article XIX through resort to selective trade-restrictive measures,mainly voluntary export restraints(VERs) taken outside of the legal framework of the GATT(i.e. the so-called"grey-area" measures), and increasingly applied to the trade of developing countries, was recognized as constituting a major threat to the integrity of the multilateral trading system.
Anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominant market positions limit market access and market entry to major developed country markets; they include exclusive dealing,market sharing, export restraints imposed on licensees and joint venture partners, and denial of access to international networks and technology markets.
The strengthening of the multilateral disciplines on safeguards-- including the prohibition and elimination of voluntary export restraints and the commitments to phase out the Multi-Fibre Arrangement(MFA) quotas under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing(ATC)-- appears to have provoked an increasing resort to anti-dumping measures.
Since the strengthening of the multilateral disciplines on safeguards-- including the prohibition and elimination of voluntary export restraints(VERs), and the phasing out of MFA quotas under the ATC-- there has been clear evidence of an increased resort to anti-dumping and countervailing measures in particular sectors, notably steel products and textiles.
The Agreement on Safeguards(which recognizes in its preamble the need to enhance rather than limit competition in international markets) prohibits andphases out voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing arrangements or any other similar measures on the export or import side by Governments, whether taken unilaterally or as a result of agreements or understandings art. 11.
The Agreement on Safeguards reached in the Uruguay Round provided in Article 11:2 that governments shall not seek, take ormaintain any voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing arrangements or any other similar measures on the export or import side, such as"export moderation","export or import surveillance","compulsory import cartels" and"discretionary export or import licensing schemes.
Export restraint arrangements on textiles outside MFA 6641 Quota agreement.
Voluntary export restraint arrangements.