Примеры использования Parallel market на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
{-}
-
Official
-
Colloquial
In terms of exchange-rate policy, the official and parallel markets are beginning to converge.
The growth of a parallel market is a major concern, resulting in inflation and unavailability of food.
Fixed by decree,usually on the basis of market forces in parallel markets.
The emergence of a parallel market, as a result of tight currency controls, together with spiralling inflation and the fall in the purchasing power of the Libyan dinar;
Until the abolition of the official exchange rate, the parallel market rate was around YRls 130 US$ 1.
Countries in Africa suffered from ever larger cannabis production and consumption andongoing diversions of pharmaceutical drugs into parallel markets.
Plus the relevant services demand,which is currently increasing, fosters a parallel market based upon informal and disqualifying labour.
These substances are often widely available, as rules to control their use are often circumvented,prompting the establishment of parallel markets.
Foreign exchange rates on the parallel market have recently escalated from 400,000 new kwanzas(NKz) to 580,000 NKz to one United States dollar, which represents nearly twice the official exchange rate.
Operations Department, Customs Cigarette and Vat Section,asking what Yesmoke should do with over three million cartons of cigarettes purchased on the parallel market.
Certainly there are some markets that we are exploring, some parallel markets that would provide some growth through new products to serve existing customers with new needs.
The state budget ran into serious deficits, which in turn led to a sharprise in inflation and a rapid depreciation in the parallel market rate of the national currency.
Foreign exchange rates on the parallel market, where the majority of the population and businesses operate, and which are nearly twice the official exchange rate, have recently increased from 400,000 new kwanzas(NKz) to the United States dollar to 510,000 NKz.
In some countries, such products are dispensed over the counter, without medical prescription, and/or smuggled into those countries,where they are sold on the so-called"parallel markets.
Furthermore, because the distribution network is less effective or altogether non-existent in the poorer sections of the city,those in poverty are served by a parallel market which forces them to pay more than the wealthy, making it even more difficult to afford other available options.
However, owing to various pressures, the Government was compelled on 21 July, to devalue the national currency by 30 per cent as a means of raising domestic revenue anddecreasing the gap between the official and parallel markets.
Regarded as the most efficient and most compatible with other policy objectives,quota obligations based on tradable green certificates create a parallel market among producers for renewable energy certificates that either allow for a certain amount of pollution or require the production of a certain amount of renewable energy.
It should also be noted that the actual level of food availability was higher than estimated since imports through the parallel market were not included.
In addition, the exchange rate for the parallel market was set at 0.96 Cuban pesos to the dollar(a nominal appreciation of 8.3 per cent of the peso) as at 18 March 2005 for operations involving convertible pesos in the State-operated bureaux de change, and, effective 9 April 2005, the central bank committee on monetary policy decreed a nominal appreciation of the convertible peso of 8 per cent against all foreign currencies, including the dollar and the euro.
Because of Angola's heavy dependence on imported goods, market prices of these items have risen simultaneously with the current rates of exchange on the parallel market, thus further fuelling inflation.
These rates are:(a) determined by the market for countries with convertible currencies;(b) pegged or fixed in relation to a major currency such as the United States dollar for some countries in Central America, the French franc in French-speaking African countries or the pound sterling for many members of the Commonwealth; or(c) fixed by government decree ordirected by some form of government control largely depending on movements of market forces in parallel markets.
Low levels of consumption of psychotropic substances in some countries may reflect the fact that the substances are almost inaccessible by some segments of the population in those countries,which may lead to parallel markets offering those substances or counterfeit medicaments allegedly containing those substances.
With regard to food, although the Government theoretically guarantees a minimum to every citizen through the ration book, the commodities available in this way are far from sufficient and sometimes of dubious quality, so that ordinary people have to satisfy their basic needs and those of their families, and not only for food,by going against the law and turning to the parallel market.
The Board recommends that UNDCP and WHO should jointly support countries in western Africa in strengthening their capacity to identify the active ingredients in tablets containing stimulants,which are being illegally distributed through so-called"parallel markets", and in assessing the public health and social problems caused by their abuse.
With limited foreign currency available in the market, the South Sudanese pound, officially fixed at 2.95 to the United States dollar, has been depreciating andis being traded at about 5.0 South Sudanese pounds to the United States dollar on the parallel market.
The reduction in inflation in a sustainable way to single-digit levels, obtaining positive current fiscal balances and overall fiscal balances(excluding public investment of structuring type) in relation to GDP, close to equilibrium,exchange rate stability and emptying the function of the parallel market, as well as the reorganization of the financial system, are among its specific objectives.
On June 30th, 2005 Yesmoke wrote to Franz-Hermann Brüner, director of the OLAF(the anti-fraud organism of the European Union), and to Jan Walton, in charge of the Investigations& Operations Department, Customs Cigarette and Vat Section,asking what Yesmoke should do with over three million cartons of cigarettes purchased on the parallel market.
The economy is in need of a stabilization programme to reduce macroeconomic imbalances: both fiscal deficits and inflation must be contained tostabilize the country's currency, which plunged to about 100 rials to the United States dollar in the parallel market from 12 rials to the dollar the official rate.
The national currency, the Syrian pound(SP), gradually depreciated from the official exchange rate of SP 47.1 per United States dollar in January 2011 to SP 87.09 per United Statesdollar in March 2013, with a widening spread between the official rate and the parallel market rate.
The policies announced by the Government included a halt to the printing of money, a reduction in the excessive amounts of money in circulation, increases in the charges on government-provided goods and services, the sale of some government assets, anda relaxation of the restrictions on foreign exchange trading by allowing official exchange houses to trade at rates comparable with those available on the parallel market, as well as by allowing Iraqis living abroad to transfer funds to their relatives in Iraq.