Примеры использования Trophic levels на Английском языке и их переводы на Русский язык
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Increase in concentration with trophic levels biomagnification.
Another study in the Baltic Sea of a benthic anda pelagic food chain included trophic levels.
CNs are transferred to higher trophic levels and can thus biomagnify in food webs.
Lake Ontario pelagic food web consists of three trophic levels.
Increase in concentration with trophic levels within a single food chain provide useful information on biomagnification.
The α-isomer of HBCD therefore dominates especially at higher trophic levels in the food webs.
But these trophic levels are not always simple integers, because organisms often feed at more than one trophic level. .
Lipid based concentration should be used in comparing the concentration between trophic levels by BMF.
In a terrestrial food web study spanning several trophic levels BMFs ranging between 1.4 and 4.7 were reported Yu 2011, 2013.
These organisms are the link between the chemical andphysical environment and the higher trophic levels.
However, the concentration of PCA found in these different trophic levels showed no evidence of biomagnification.
Biomagnification factors for a variety of mammals, birds andfish range from 22 to 160 between two trophic levels.
However, the concentrations of PCA found in these different trophic levels show no evidence of biomagnification.
FIGURE 2.10| Trends in mean trophic levels of fi sheries landings(1950-2000) Based on aggregation of data from over 180,000 half-degree latitude/ longitude cells.
The ecological role of protozoa in the transfer of bacterial andalgal production to successive trophic levels is important.
Ii and(iii): The biomagnification factors for different trophic levels(zooplankton, invertebrates, fish, and mammals) are in the range of 1- 16.
The energy they produce is important for the community because it may be transferred to higher trophic levels via consumption.
Energy quality is the contrast between different forms of energy,the different trophic levels in ecological systems and the propensity of energy to convert from one form to another.
All trophic levels in a marine food web are affected by picoplankton carbon production and the gain or loss of picoplankton in the environment, especially in oligotrophic conditions.
A number of specific PBDE congeners can be detected in all environmental trophic levels, including biota and humans.
Data from different studies representing different trophic levels from the same area and high levels in top predators may also indicate good reason for careful consideration.
C-PentaBDE is present in the aquatic environment andis taken up by organisms on all trophic levels see section 4.1.4 and POPRC, 2006.
It predicts that trophic levels close to the lowest trophic levels will be most influenced by bottom-up forces, while top-down effects should be strongest at top levels. .
However, metabolism and depuration rates in microorganisms such as planktons are fast,so disequilibrium between trophic levels is hard to be established.
If adequate chronic toxicity data are available for one or two trophic levels, it should be examined if acute toxicity data are available for the other trophic levels.
Several authors report levels of hexabromobiphenyl(and other brominated biphenyls) in arctic animals, especially in fish eating predators andpredators at higher trophic levels.
Biological samples from the Arctic contaminated by decaBDE include a variety of species spanning different trophic levels of terrestrial and aquatic food chains de Wit et al. 2010.
Vorkamp et al.(2004) measured concentrations of PBDEs in samples from Greenland and the Faroe Islands of sediment andseven species of animals representing different trophic levels of the food chain.
The lowest of the available toxicity values between and within the different trophic levels(fish, crustacean, algae) will normally be used to define the appropriate hazard categoryies.
Biomagnification The EU guidance document states that biomagnification reflects the difference in concentration between trophic levels within a single food chain but quantitative criteria are not specified.