Приклади вживання Majoritarian system Англійська мовою та їх переклад на Українською
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Proposal 4.1.: two-round majoritarian system with some modification.
Majoritarian systems set a much higher real threshold,“conserving” councils.
In practice onerarely observes purely representative or purely majoritarian systems.
Two-round majoritarian system(4.1.) with some modifications for the election of local heads.
As you know,parliamentary elections in France are held in two rounds under majoritarian system.
Town/city heads are chosen by a majoritarian system of an absolute majority in the only single-member constituency;
If that is the case, the next Parliament will be elected within the current election law-closed party lists and a“majoritarian” system.
The majoritarian system is associated with fraud and manipulation and seen by many to be more susceptible to vote-buying and abuse of administrative resources.
About one in four citizens support a proportionalsystem with open lists while another 20% support a majoritarian system.
And a multi-member majoritarian system(2-4 mandates per district) with the possibility of self-nomination for district, city(up to 90 thousand population), township and village councils.
After the early local elections the Parliament should consider the reasonability ofholding elections of mayors in big cities by the majoritarian system of absolute majority.
In a majoritarian system like French democracy, the National Front cannot win because, in the second round, it provokes an alliance of all the others against it in the name of what are called republican values.
Starting from 2015,the 167 members of the National Assembly are elected by a mixed majoritarian system; 113 members are elected by First-past-the-post voting in 87 constituencies.
The law provides a majoritarian system with multi-member districts(from 2 to 4 mandates in the district) for the“lower” level of elections in rural, township, city(up to 90 thousand people) and district councils.
The effects of“controlled voting”, which traditionally only occur in the special contingencies in the national elections, can be a widespread trend in rural areas under a majoritarian system in the local elections.
As already shown above, the majoritarian system is maintained for many levels of local elections, but the so-called“open lists” left several wide gaps for the parties to control the order in which their candidates get a seat.
After the early local elections necessary amendments to the Law on Local Elections which ensure the election of mayors of bigcities(cities with more than 500 000 voters) according to majoritarian system of absolute majority should be approved.
The first and priority, according to the authors,is the introduction at all levels of a pure majoritarian system with multi-member districts; the second(compromise) is the introduction of the majoritarian principle of the distribution of part of the mandates in the current model.
Both of these approaches strongly contrast with the more recent(before the parliamentary elections)statements of the Ze-team itself regarding the corruption essence of the majoritarian system, and, obviously, entail all the shortcomings of the majoritarian system. .
But the majoritarian system(along with the cancellation of the second round of head's elections with a 10% gap between the two leaders) at the moment looks like the best option for the current heads and their deputy teams- so with such innovations in the law on local elections“Sluga Narodu” really runs the risk of replaying themselves.
For each level of elections, the Concept provides two alternative systems“for the possible search for a political compromise”, but the Ministry of RegionalDevelopment clearly expresses its own position-“the majoritarian system is optimal for the election of deputies to councils of all levels”.
In general, the Concept leaves the broadestfield for strategic manipulations with the formation of districts- majoritarian systems are much more vulnerable to such manipulations with determining the number of mandates in districts, the boundaries of districts(“gerrymandering”) and the unequal“weight” of votes in different districts(“malapportionment”).
For most of the time, Ukraine has had a mixed system whereby half of the parliament is elected by party listsand another half- in single-mandate districts(although Ukraine experimented with both completely proportional and completely majoritarian systems).
Voters vote for one candidate(the authors provide the possibility, but do not recommend the several votes aregiven to voters that there is the traditional for a multi-member majoritarian system), and those M candidates who won the most votes are considered elected from this district(where M= the number of constituency mandates).
The main drawback of majoritarian systems- not so much the notorious“grids”(system of buying votes),“buckwheat” and“benches”(under the proportional representation models the“technologies” of direct and indirect bribery, party headquarters can also use the administrative resources), but the increase in disproportionality, that is the rise in the percentage of votes that cannot be converted into mandates.
The Parliament had refused on its 22 May extraordinary meeting to consider a hastily prepared draft law on making amendments to current law on parliamentary elections,which was submitted by the President and suggested cancelation of majoritarian system and shift to proportional system with closed lists.
The shortcomings of the Law are the following: preservation of majoritarian system of simple majority at elections of city mayors, no budget funding of election campaigns, no provisions to define the principles of informational support of elections(which are included in the two other election laws), and no effective mechanisms to ensure transparency of the election campaign at local elections.
At the ad-hoc meeting on June, 22, the Parliament rejected the consideration of a hastily drafted law on introducing changes to the acting Law ofUkraine“On Election of People's Deputies” on cancellation of the majoritarian system and transition to proportionate system with finalized lists.
Coalition Agreement provides that improving the system of local elections will include conducting of local elections according to the Constitution of Ukraine on the basis of decentralization, decreasing of number of seats in local councils,introduction of majoritarian system of absolute majority for elections of mayors in large cities, introduction of proportional electoral system for elections to all local councils, except for elections to village councils.
But a majoritarian electoral system can leave substantial minority groups with little or no representation in the legislature if they are not sufficiently concentrated geographically to form a majority in some district.